##Introduction##

This lesson is based directly off the loading md5 animation lesson. We will learn 3 main things in this lesson, which are how to modify our vector camera to rotate around the main character, how to rotate the character smoothly from it's current facing direction to it's destinated direction, and how to move the character in camera space, so for example, when we press the left arrow key, we always see the character run left, instead of the character running left in world space. I'll explain that in a little more detail in a moment.

To keep downloading the source code faster and small file sizes, from now on you'll have to either download the bigger files like the skymap from an earlier lesson, or login and download it from braynzar vision.

##Rotate Camera Around Player (Main Character)##

This is the by far the easiest of the three things to learn in this lesson. Up until now, we have been using a first person camera, where the camera's target is always rotating around the cameras position. In this lesson, as a third person camera, our target will be our main characters position (and the target is only changed when the character has moved). So now instead of rotating the target around the cameras position when the mouse moved, we will be rotating the camera's position around the cameras target! Simple as that! The only difference is that now we will be changing the length of our camera target vector (just adding space between them), unlike before, we kept the target a unit length away from the camera.

##Rotate the Character Smoothly##

The next thing we will look at, is how to rotate our character smoothly from its current facing direction to the destinated direction. This will give the third person a more realistic feel than just immediately changing the characters facing direction to the destinated direction.

+[http://www.braynzarsoft.net/image/100087][3rd person camera rotate]

To do this, we will need to first store the characters current direction, which we will call oldCharDirection, so the next frame, we have access to the characters currently facing direction. We want to rotate the character a certain degree towards the destinated direction every frame, depending on the amount of time that has passed (FrameTime), by adding the current direction vector to "part of" the destinated direction every frame. We can do this by shortening the length of the destinated direction (The shorter this vector, the slower the character turns). We can accomplish this by creating a scalar variable to change the length of the destinated direction. First we create the destination length variable. This is where we change the speed of the rotation, and keep the rotation smooth by using the FrameTime:

    float destDirLength = 10.0f * frameTime;

This will give us the length of the destinated direction. Now all that's left is to create the new direction (currCharDirection), by adding a part of the destinated direction to the current direction:

    currCharDirection = oldCharDirection + (destinationDirection * destDirLength);

Now, every frame that goes by, the character will rotate slightly towards the destinated direction, depending on the constant value you multiply the frametime with when creating the destDirLength (in this lesson i used 20). One thing to note is that this will keep the rotation of the character smooth while the frame rate is pretty stable, but if the frame rate fluxuates too much, you will certainly see the effects (if the frame rate is too low, the character will rotate much faster, and if the frame rate is really high, the character will rotate more slowly).

One other thing to mention is that when the character is facing the complete opposite way as the destinated direction, it can make turning very slow at first, so the character is running backwards for a certain amount of time. To fix this, we get the dot product of the characters current direction and the destinated direction, and if it is -1, we modify the current direction so it is not EXACTLY facing the opposite way as the destinated direction. We add 0.02 from the x component, and subtract 0.02 to the z component. The reason we don't add or subtract the same value from both is because it would keep the vector pointed in the same direction, and to keep the vector a unit length, we just subract a little from one, and add it to the other. This keeps the vector a unit in length, and also slightly changes it's direction so the character starts rotating sooner.

##Move the Character In Camera Space##

Last thing to look at is how to move the character about in camera space, and not in world space. What I mean is that the character will always run "left" no matter which direction the camera is facing the character, instead of moving the character "left" in world space, so that if the camera is facing left, the character will run "away" from the camera when the left arrow key is pressed, or even better, the character runs "right" when you press the left arrow key because the camera is facing backwards in world space.

This is the more complex of the three things we will be learning in this lesson, but the idea is really simple. We will create a "Forward" vector for our camera, which points the direction the camera is facing in the world, and a "Right" vector, that is orthogonal to the cameras forward vector. We have already created these vectors from the first person camera, but in this lesson, we will make sure that they are always in the xz plane, no matter if the camera is looking up or down. We get the forward vector from the cameras target this time, so we will have to change the y component of the vector to 0 so it is not laying in the y axis at all, and only in the xz axis, then of course, we must normalize it. We can get the right vector by setting the rights vector x component to the forward vectors negative z (-z) component, the y component to 0.0f, and the z component to the forwards x component:

    camForward = camPosition - camTarget; camForward = normalize(camForward);
    
    camRight = (-camForward.z, 0.0f, camForward.x);

Then to get the cameras up vector, just cross the normalized camPosition - camTarget with camRight. We can assume that the camera's Right vector is always in the xz plane because we do not "roll" the camera, which would push the camera's true right vector into the worlds y axis:

    camUp = cross((camPosition - camTarget), camRight);

Finally, to get the characters destination direction, in our detect input function, we will start by setting the characters destination vector to (0,0,0). Then for each arrow key (actually most likely "A,S,D,W"), we will add or subtract either the cameras right or forward vector to the characters destination vector:

    void detectInput()
    {
    	charDestination = (0,0,0);
        
        if(D_Pressed)
        	charDestination += camRight;
        if(A_Pressed)
        	charDestination -= camRight;
        if(W_Pressed)
        	charDestination += camForward;
        if(S_Pressed)
        	charDestination -= camForward;
            
        moveChar(charDestination);
        
        updateCamera();
    }

Something else I've added in is a check to make sure that when we are rotating the camera around the camera target, that it does not rotate up or down too far:

    if(camPitch > 0.85f)
    	camPitch = 0.85f;
    if(camPitch < -0.85f)
    	camPitch = -0.85f;

One last thing to say, is you might want to add a detection for the mouse wheel so that the player can "zoom in" or "zoom out" of the player when spinning the mouse wheel ;)

##Globals##

Heres a couple globals, the first three are vectors, while the fourth one is a scalar (float). The first two vectors will hold the characters current and destinated direction, while the third holds his position. Although the characters position is only used in the movechar() function, We will use this vector to update our camera's target. The fourth one is the distance from the camera to the player. You could change this to whatever you want, and possibly detect input from the mouse wheel to change it.

    XMVECTOR currCharDirection = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    XMVECTOR oldCharDirection = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    XMVECTOR charPosition = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    
    float charCamDist = 15.0f;

##The MoveChar() Function##

Here's the entire function that will move and rotate our character. It takes the frame time, characters destinated direction, and characters world matrix as arguments. I'll go through this function next.

    void MoveChar(double time, XMVECTOR& destinationDirection, XMMATRIX& worldMatrix)
    {
    	// Normalize our destinated direction vector
    	destinationDirection = XMVector3Normalize(destinationDirection);
    
    	// If character is currently facing the complete opposite direction as the desired direction
    	// they will turn around VERY slowly, so we want to make sure they turn around at a normal speed
    	// by making the old character direction not the exact opposite direction as the current character
    	// position. Try commenting out the next two lines to see what i'm talking about
    	if(XMVectorGetX(XMVector3Dot(destinationDirection, oldCharDirection)) == -1)
    		oldCharDirection += XMVectorSet(0.02f, 0.0f, -0.02f, 0.0f);
    
    	// Get our current characters position in the world, from it's world matrix
    	charPosition = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    	charPosition = XMVector3TransformCoord(charPosition, worldMatrix);
    
    	// Rotate our character smoothly when changing direction (from the GPG series)
    	float destDirLength = 10.0f * frameTime;		// Change to the speed you want your character to rotate. This uses the game timer from an earlier lesson
    												// The larget this value, the faster the character rotates
    	currCharDirection = oldCharDirection + (destinationDirection * destDirLength);	// Get the characters direction (based off time, old position, and desired
    											// direction), by adding together the current direction and the old direction
											// to get vector that smoothly turns from oldCharDir to denstinationDirection
    
	currCharDirection = XMVector3Normalize(currCharDirection);		// Normalize the characters current direction vector
    
	// Here we find the angle of our character (angle between current direction and world's normal vector), used so that we can actually rotate
	// our characters world matrix. The three lines below, together, find the angle between 0 PI and 2 PI (360 degrees, and technically, it returns
	// the degrees in radians from -1 PI to 1 PI, but that has the same effect as 0 PI to 2 PI) between two vectors.
	// XMVector3AngleBetweenNormals returns an angle between two vectors, but always a positive result between
	// 0 and 1 PI. Which means, it doesn't tell us which half of the 2 PI degrees that are possible. So, we have the next if statement below,
	// which crosses the current characters direction and the worlds forward (0,0,1), which should give us the y axis vector (assuming that our character
	// rotates on the xz plane). We check to see if the y vector is positive ( > 0.0f), and if it is, we set the characters direction angle to be
	// the opposite of what it currently is, giving us the result in -1 PI to 1 PI.
	float charDirAngle = XMVectorGetX(XMVector3AngleBetweenNormals( XMVector3Normalize(currCharDirection), XMVector3Normalize(DefaultForward)));
	if(XMVectorGetY(XMVector3Cross(currCharDirection, DefaultForward)) > 0.0f)
		charDirAngle = -charDirAngle;
    
	// Now we update our characters position based off the frame time, his old position, and the direction he is facing
	float speed = 15.0f * frameTime;
	charPosition = charPosition + (destinationDirection * speed);
    
	// Update characters world matrix
	XMMATRIX rotationMatrix;
	Scale = XMMatrixScaling( 0.25f, 0.25f, 0.25f );
	Translation = XMMatrixTranslation(XMVectorGetX(charPosition), 0.0f, XMVectorGetZ(charPosition) );
	rotationMatrix = XMMatrixRotationY(charDirAngle - 3.14159265f);		// Subtract PI from angle so the character doesn't run backwards
    
	worldMatrix = Scale * rotationMatrix * Translation;
    
	// Set the characters old direction
	oldCharDirection = currCharDirection;																	
    
	// Update our animation
	float timeFactor = 1.0f;	// You can speed up or slow down time by changing this
	UpdateMD5Model(NewMD5Model, time*timeFactor, 0);
    }

We start by normalizing the destination direction vector, in case it is longer than 1 unit in length.

Like I mentioned at the top, if the current character direction is facing the complete opposite way as the destinated direction, the character will take too long to rotate. To fix this, we check if they are facing opposite directions (the dot product between them equals -1), and if they are, we slightly change the direction of the characters current direction (not noticeably) so that the rotation starts much sooner. We want to keep the vector unit length, so we add a little to the x component, and subtract the same amount from the z component (and don't touch the y component ;).

    void MoveChar(double time, XMVECTOR& destinationDirection, XMMATRIX& worldMatrix)
    {
    	destinationDirection = XMVector3Normalize(destinationDirection);
        
    	if(XMVectorGetX(XMVector3Dot(destinationDirection, oldCharDirection)) == -1)
    		oldCharDirection += XMVectorSet(0.02f, 0.0f, -0.02f, 0.0f);

Next we get the characters position, by translating the point (0,0,0) to the characters position. I say translate the point 0,0,0, because as you see, we set charPosition to 0,0,0 before we translate it. If we did not set charPosition to 0,0,0, and just translated whatever was in charPosition, instead of setting charPosition to the current position, it would ADD the characters current position defined in it's world matrix to the charPosition vector. You WILL notice the effects of this ;)

	charPosition = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
	charPosition = XMVector3TransformCoord(charPosition, worldMatrix);

##Rotate the Character##

Here we will "rotate" the character, from it's current direction, a little bit towards it's destinated direction. This was explained above, but as you can see, we set the length of the destinated direction using a constant (10.0f) multiplied by the frametime. Then we multiply the destination vector with this value and add it to the current characters direction. After that, normalize the results.
	
	float destDirLength = 10.0f * frameTime;	
	currCharDirection = (oldCharDirection * oldDestLength) + (destinationDirection * destDirLength);
	currCharDirection = XMVector3Normalize(currCharDirection);

This is where we get the angle (in radians) that the character is facing to the worlds forward (0,0,1). We use the xna math function, XMVector3AngleBetweenNormals(), which will return the angle between two vectors. The problem is that this function only returns a value from 0 to 1 PI, which accounts for only half of a 360 degree rotation (180 degrees). If the two vectors are facing opposite directions, this will return 1 (1 radian). We need to find a the result between 0 and 2 PI (a full 360 degrees). To do this, after we get the angle from this function, we will cross the current direction vector with the worlds forward vector (0,0,1). This will result in a third vector pointing along the y axis. This vector will have a positive y component if the current direction is pointing to the positive x axis (+x), and a negative y component if the current direction is pointing to the negative x axis (-x). If we find that this vector has a positive (> 0.0f) y component, we know the character is facing the positive x axis, and inverse the result from XMVector3AngleBetweenNormals(). All together, this will give us the angle the character is rotated from -1 PI to 1 PI (between 0 and 360 degrees).

	float charDirAngle = XMVectorGetX(XMVector3AngleBetweenNormals( XMVector3Normalize(currCharDirection), XMVector3Normalize(DefaultForward)));
	if(XMVectorGetY(XMVector3Cross(currCharDirection, DefaultForward)) > 0.0f)
		charDirAngle = -charDirAngle;

Next we move the character along the destination direction vector. We create the speed the character moves here, which is the length of the destination vector, then we add that to the current characters position.

After all that, we update the characters world matrix. Notice that we have to subtract 1 PI or 3.14 degrees from the char direction angle. This is so the character is not running backwards.

	float speed = 15.0f * frameTime;
	charPosition = charPosition + (destinationDirection * speed);

	XMMATRIX rotationMatrix;
	Scale = XMMatrixScaling( 0.25f, 0.25f, 0.25f );
	Translation = XMMatrixTranslation(XMVectorGetX(charPosition), 0.0f, XMVectorGetZ(charPosition) );
	rotationMatrix = XMMatrixRotationY(charDirAngle - 3.14159265f);

	worldMatrix = Scale * rotationMatrix * Translation;
    }

The last things in this function are to first set the oldCharDirection with the current characters direction, then to animate the character!

	oldCharDirection = currCharDirection;																	
    
	float timeFactor = 1.0f;
	UpdateMD5Model(NewMD5Model, time*timeFactor, 0);

##The UpdateCamera() Function##

Here is our modified UpdateCamera() function. Notice how everything we had before (except the last line creating the view matrix) is commented out. This is because the third person camera does things a little differently.

    void UpdateCamera()
    {
    	// Rotate target around camera
    	/*camRotationMatrix = XMMatrixRotationRollPitchYaw(camPitch, camYaw, 0);
    	camTarget = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultForward, camRotationMatrix );
    	camTarget = XMVector3Normalize(camTarget);*/
    
    	/*XMMATRIX RotateYTempMatrix;
    	RotateYTempMatrix = XMMatrixRotationY(camYaw);
    
    	// Walk
    	camRight = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultRight, RotateYTempMatrix);
    	camForward = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultForward, RotateYTempMatrix);
    	camUp = XMVector3Cross(camForward, camRight);*/
    
    	/*// Free Cam
    	camRight = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultRight, camRotationMatrix);
    	camForward = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultForward, camRotationMatrix);
    	camUp = XMVector3Cross(camForward, camRight);*/
    
    	/*camPosition += moveLeftRight*camRight;
    	camPosition += moveBackForward*camForward;
    
    	moveLeftRight = 0.0f;
    	moveBackForward = 0.0f;
    
    	camTarget = camPosition + camTarget;*/
    
    	// Third Person Camera
    	// Set the cameras target to be looking at the character.
    	camTarget = charPosition;
    
    	// This line is because this lessons model was set to stand on the point (0,0,0) (my bad), and we
    	// don't want to just be looking at the models feet, so we move the camera's target vector up 5 units
    	camTarget = XMVectorSetY(camTarget, XMVectorGetY(camTarget)+5.0f);	
    
    	// Unlike before, when we rotated the cameras target vector around the cameras position,
    	// we are now rotating the cameras position around it's target (which is the character)
    	// Rotate camera around target
    	camRotationMatrix = XMMatrixRotationRollPitchYaw(-camPitch, camYaw, 0);
    	camPosition = XMVector3TransformNormal(DefaultForward, camRotationMatrix );
    	camPosition = XMVector3Normalize(camPosition);
    
    	// Set our cameras position to rotate around the character. We need to add 5 to the characters
    	// position's y axis because i'm stupid and modeled the character in the 3d modeling program
    	// to be "standing" on (0,0,0), instead of centered around it ;) Well target her head here though
    	camPosition = (camPosition * charCamDist) + camTarget;
    
    	// We need to set our cameras forward and right vectors to lay
    	// in the worlds xz plane, since they are the vectors we will
    	// be using to determine the direction our character is running
    	camForward = XMVector3Normalize(camTarget - camPosition);	// Get forward vector based on target
    	camForward = XMVectorSetY(camForward, 0.0f);	// set forwards y component to 0 so it lays only on
    	// the xz plane
    	camForward = XMVector3Normalize(camForward);
    	// To get our camera's Right vector, we set it's x component to the negative z component from the
    	// camera's forward vector, and the z component to the camera forwards x component
    	camRight = XMVectorSet(-XMVectorGetZ(camForward), 0.0f, XMVectorGetX(camForward), 0.0f);
    
    	// Our camera does not "roll", so we can safely assume that the cameras right vector is always
    	// in the xz plane, so to get the up vector, we just get the normalized vector from the camera
    	// position to the cameras target, and cross it with the camera's Right vector
    	camUp = XMVector3Cross(XMVector3Normalize(camPosition - camTarget), camRight);
    
    	camView = XMMatrixLookAtLH( camPosition, camTarget, camUp );
    }

The first thing we do here is set the cameras target to the characters position. Because of my mistake, the 3d model used in this lesson is not centered on 0,0,0, but instead "stands" on it. So instead of staring at the characters feet the whole time, we will move the target vector up a bit so we are looking more at it's head.

    	camTarget = charPosition;
    
    	camTarget = XMVectorSetY(camTarget, XMVectorGetY(camTarget)+5.0f);	

Before we were rotating the target around the camera, but this time, we are rotating the camera around the target.

After we rotate the camera, we have to add the target vector it so it's not centered around the point (0,0,0) in world space. We do not want the camera to only be one unit away from the character, so we multiply our "charCamDist" with the current camera's position, then add that vector to the cameras target.

    	camRotationMatrix = XMMatrixRotationRollPitchYaw(-camPitch, camYaw, 0);
    	camPosition = XMVector3TransformNormal(DefaultForward, camRotationMatrix );
    	camPosition = XMVector3Normalize(camPosition);
    
    	camPosition = (camPosition * charCamDist) + camTarget;

Here we get the cameras forward, right, and up vectors. To get the forward vector, we subtract the camera's position from the cameras target. Then normalize the result. This vector will most likely be laying in all three xyz axes, so we will need to make sure it is only laying in the xz plane (so our character does not run "up" or "down", and just along the xz plane. We do this by setting the y component to zero, then normalizing camForward.

Now that we have camForward, we need to get the camera's right vector. We set the right vectors x component to the forward vectors negative z (-z) component, the y component to zero, and the z component to the forward vectors x component.

We need one more vector, the cameras up vector. Since our camera only rotates around the y axis (rotates in the xz plane) and rotates up and down (around the xz plane), we can assume that the cameras right vector is always going to be in the xz plane (if the camera "rolls" however, then this will be a different story, but even then, we would need to make sure the right vector that the character uses to move around is in the xz plane, so we could still use "that" right vector). Because the Right vector is the same for the camera as it is for the character, we can cross it with the normalized camposition - camtarget vector to get the up vector.

We do not use the camForward vector to get the up vector, because it is no the REAL camera's forward, since the cameras real forward most likely lays in all three xyz world axis, while the camForward only lays in the xz plane.

Last thing we do is create our view matrix!

    	camForward = XMVector3Normalize(camTarget - camPosition);
    	camForward = XMVectorSetY(camForward, 0.0f);
    	camForward = XMVector3Normalize(camForward);
        
    	camRight = XMVectorSet(-XMVectorGetZ(camForward), 0.0f, XMVectorGetX(camForward), 0.0f);
    
    	camUp =XMVector3Normalize(XMVector3Cross(XMVector3Normalize(camPosition - camTarget), camRight));
    
    	camView = XMMatrixLookAtLH( camPosition, camTarget, camUp );

##The DetectInput() Function##

This function is scattered with updates ;), so i'm just showing it all to you.

The first new thing is we create a boolean variable and set it to false. If we press one of the keys that move the character, we will change this to true, so we only move the character when a key is pressed. After that we reste the characters desired direction. This is so we don't keep adding to it every frame so the character gets faster and faster each frame, since we add to it when a button is pressed. We add to it when a button is pressed so we can press more than one key at once to change the characters direction, instead of only moving him along the forward or right vectors, we can move him in between too.

Last thing is we call the MoveChar()function if the moveChar boolean is set to true.

    void DetectInput(double time)
    {
    	DIMOUSESTATE mouseCurrState;
    
    	BYTE keyboardState[256];
    
    	DIKeyboard->Acquire();
    	DIMouse->Acquire();
    
    	DIMouse->GetDeviceState(sizeof(DIMOUSESTATE), &mouseCurrState);
    
    	DIKeyboard->GetDeviceState(sizeof(keyboardState),(LPVOID)&keyboardState);
    
    	if(keyboardState[DIK_ESCAPE] & 0x80)
    		PostMessage(hwnd, WM_DESTROY, 0, 0);
    
    	float speed = 10.0f * time;	
    	bool moveChar = false;
    	XMVECTOR desiredCharDir = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    
    	if(keyboardState[DIK_A] & 0x80)
    	{
    		desiredCharDir += (camRight);
    		moveChar = true;
    	}
    	if(keyboardState[DIK_D] & 0x80)
    	{
    		desiredCharDir += -(camRight);
    		moveChar = true;
    	}
    	if(keyboardState[DIK_W] & 0x80)
    	{
    		desiredCharDir += (camForward);
    		moveChar = true;
    	}
    	if(keyboardState[DIK_S] & 0x80)
    	{
    		desiredCharDir += -(camForward);
    		moveChar = true;
    	}
    	if((mouseCurrState.lX != mouseLastState.lX) || (mouseCurrState.lY != mouseLastState.lY))
    	{
    		camYaw += mouseLastState.lX * 0.002f;
    
    		camPitch += mouseCurrState.lY * 0.002f;
    		// Check that the camera doesn't go over the top or under the player
    		if(camPitch > 0.85f)
    			camPitch = 0.85f;
    		if(camPitch < -0.85f)
    			camPitch = -0.85f;
    
    		mouseLastState = mouseCurrState;
    	}
    
    	if(moveChar == true)
    		MoveChar(time, desiredCharDir, playerCharWorld);
    
    	UpdateCamera();
    
    	return;
    }

The last thing we do in this lesson is in the InitScene() function. All we do is initialize the characters world matrix, and the view matrix! The model used in this lesson is a little big, so we make it about 1/4 the size, and se the cameras target to be looking at the character.

    	Scale = XMMatrixScaling( 0.25f, 0.25f, 0.25f );
    	Translation = XMMatrixTranslation( 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    	playerCharWorld = Scale * Translation;
    
    	//Camera information
    	camPosition = XMVectorSet( 0.0f, 10.0f, 8.0f, 0.0f );
    	camTarget = XMVectorSet( 0.0f, 3.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f );
    	camUp = XMVectorSet( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f );

This is a very simple third person camera, and many changes can be done. Let me know if i'm wrong about anything i've said, or an idea to make this a little better (but keep it simple). I plan to make another third person camera using a "rubber-band" technique, so the camera smoothly follows the character so that the character is not always in the center of the screen.

##Exercise:##

1. Try combining the Sliding camera collision detection method to the character, so the character has some terrain to run around on! (even load models such as buildings or stairs to play with)

2. Add an input detection for the mouse wheel so the distance between the camera and character can be changed by rotating the wheel.

Here's the final code:

main.cpp
    //Include and link appropriate libraries and headers//
    #pragma comment(lib, "d3d11.lib")
    #pragma comment(lib, "d3dx11.lib")
    #pragma comment(lib, "d3dx10.lib")
    #pragma comment (lib, "D3D10_1.lib")
    #pragma comment (lib, "DXGI.lib")
    #pragma comment (lib, "D2D1.lib")
    #pragma comment (lib, "dwrite.lib")
    #pragma comment (lib, "dinput8.lib")
    #pragma comment (lib, "dxguid.lib")
    
    #include <windows.h>
    #include <d3d11.h>
    #include <d3dx11.h>
    #include <d3dx10.h>
    #include <xnamath.h>
    #include <D3D10_1.h>
    #include <DXGI.h>
    #include <D2D1.h>
    #include <sstream>
    #include <dwrite.h>
    #include <dinput.h>
    #include <vector>
    #include <fstream>
    #include <istream>
    
    //Global Declarations - Interfaces//
    IDXGISwapChain* SwapChain;
    ID3D11Device* d3d11Device;
    ID3D11DeviceContext* d3d11DevCon;
    ID3D11RenderTargetView* renderTargetView;
    ID3D11DepthStencilView* depthStencilView;
    ID3D11Texture2D* depthStencilBuffer;
    ID3D11VertexShader* VS;
    ID3D11PixelShader* PS;
    ID3D11PixelShader* D2D_PS;
    ID3D10Blob* D2D_PS_Buffer;
    ID3D10Blob* VS_Buffer;
    ID3D10Blob* PS_Buffer;
    ID3D11InputLayout* vertLayout;
    ID3D11Buffer* cbPerObjectBuffer;
    ID3D11BlendState* d2dTransparency;
    ID3D11RasterizerState* CCWcullMode;
    ID3D11RasterizerState* CWcullMode;
    ID3D11SamplerState* CubesTexSamplerState;
    ID3D11Buffer* cbPerFrameBuffer;
    
    ID3D10Device1 *d3d101Device;	
    IDXGIKeyedMutex *keyedMutex11;
    IDXGIKeyedMutex *keyedMutex10;	
    ID2D1RenderTarget *D2DRenderTarget;	
    ID2D1SolidColorBrush *Brush;
    ID3D11Texture2D *BackBuffer11;
    ID3D11Texture2D *sharedTex11;	
    ID3D11Buffer *d2dVertBuffer;
    ID3D11Buffer *d2dIndexBuffer;
    ID3D11ShaderResourceView *d2dTexture;
    IDWriteFactory *DWriteFactory;
    IDWriteTextFormat *TextFormat;
    
    IDirectInputDevice8* DIKeyboard;
    IDirectInputDevice8* DIMouse;
    
    ID3D11Buffer* sphereIndexBuffer;
    ID3D11Buffer* sphereVertBuffer;
    
    ID3D11VertexShader* SKYMAP_VS;
    ID3D11PixelShader* SKYMAP_PS;
    ID3D10Blob* SKYMAP_VS_Buffer;
    ID3D10Blob* SKYMAP_PS_Buffer;
    
    ID3D11ShaderResourceView* smrv;
    
    ID3D11DepthStencilState* DSLessEqual;
    ID3D11RasterizerState* RSCullNone;
    
    ID3D11BlendState* Transparency;
    //Mesh variables. Each loaded mesh will need its own set of these
    ID3D11Buffer* meshVertBuff;
    ID3D11Buffer* meshIndexBuff;
    XMMATRIX meshWorld;
    int meshSubsets = 0;
    std::vector<int> meshSubsetIndexStart;
    std::vector<int> meshSubsetTexture;
    
    //Textures and material variables, used for all mesh's loaded
    std::vector<ID3D11ShaderResourceView*> meshSRV;
    std::vector<std::wstring> textureNameArray;
    
    std::wstring printText;
    
    //Global Declarations - Others//
    LPCTSTR WndClassName = L"firstwindow";
    HWND hwnd = NULL;
    HRESULT hr;
    
    int Width  = 800;
    int Height = 600;
    
    DIMOUSESTATE mouseLastState;
    LPDIRECTINPUT8 DirectInput;
    
    float rotx = 0;
    float rotz = 0;
    float scaleX = 1.0f;
    float scaleY = 1.0f;
    
    XMMATRIX Rotationx;
    XMMATRIX Rotationz;
    XMMATRIX Rotationy;
    
    XMMATRIX WVP;
    XMMATRIX camView;
    XMMATRIX camProjection;
    XMMATRIX d2dWorld;
    
    XMVECTOR camPosition;
    XMVECTOR camTarget;
    XMVECTOR camUp;
    XMVECTOR DefaultForward = XMVectorSet(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f, 0.0f);
    XMVECTOR DefaultRight = XMVectorSet(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f, 0.0f);
    XMVECTOR camForward = XMVectorSet(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f, 0.0f);
    XMVECTOR camRight = XMVectorSet(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f, 0.0f);
    
    /************************************New Stuff****************************************************/
    XMVECTOR currCharDirection = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    XMVECTOR oldCharDirection = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    XMVECTOR charPosition = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    
    float charCamDist = 15.0f; // This is the distance between the camera and the character
    /*************************************************************************************************/
    
    XMMATRIX camRotationMatrix;
    
    float moveLeftRight = 0.0f;
    float moveBackForward = 0.0f;
    
    float camYaw = 0.0f;
    float camPitch = 0.0f;
    
    int NumSphereVertices;
    int NumSphereFaces;
    
    XMMATRIX sphereWorld;
    
    XMMATRIX Rotation;
    XMMATRIX Scale;
    XMMATRIX Translation;
    
    float rot = 0.01f;
    
    double countsPerSecond = 0.0;
    __int64 CounterStart = 0;
    
    int frameCount = 0;
    int fps = 0;
    
    __int64 frameTimeOld = 0;
    double frameTime;
    
    //Function Prototypes//
    bool InitializeDirect3d11App(HINSTANCE hInstance);
    void CleanUp();
    bool InitScene();
    void DrawScene();
    bool InitD2D_D3D101_DWrite(IDXGIAdapter1 *Adapter);
    void InitD2DScreenTexture();
    void UpdateScene(double time);
    
    void UpdateCamera();
    
    void RenderText(std::wstring text, int inInt);
    
    void StartTimer();
    double GetTime();
    double GetFrameTime();
    
    bool InitializeWindow(HINSTANCE hInstance,
    	int ShowWnd,
    	int width, int height,
    	bool windowed);
    int messageloop();
    
    bool InitDirectInput(HINSTANCE hInstance);
    void DetectInput(double time);
    
    void CreateSphere(int LatLines, int LongLines);
    
    LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd,
    	UINT msg,
    	WPARAM wParam,
    	LPARAM lParam);
    
    //Create effects constant buffer's structure//
    struct cbPerObject
    {
    	XMMATRIX  WVP;
    	XMMATRIX World;
    
    	//These will be used for the pixel shader
    	XMFLOAT4 difColor;
    	BOOL hasTexture;
    	//Because of HLSL structure packing, we will use windows BOOL
    	//instead of bool because HLSL packs things into 4 bytes, and
    	//bool is only one byte, where BOOL is 4 bytes
    	BOOL hasNormMap;
    };
    
    cbPerObject cbPerObj;
    
    //Create material structure
    struct SurfaceMaterial
    {
    	std::wstring matName;
    	XMFLOAT4 difColor;
    	int texArrayIndex;
    	int normMapTexArrayIndex;
    	bool hasNormMap;
    	bool hasTexture;
    	bool transparent;
    };
    
    std::vector<SurfaceMaterial> material;
    
    //Define LoadObjModel function after we create surfaceMaterial structure
    bool LoadObjModel(std::wstring filename,			//.obj filename
    	ID3D11Buffer** vertBuff,					//mesh vertex buffer
    	ID3D11Buffer** indexBuff,					//mesh index buffer
    	std::vector<int>& subsetIndexStart,			//start index of each subset
    	std::vector<int>& subsetMaterialArray,		//index value of material for each subset
    	std::vector<SurfaceMaterial>& material,		//vector of material structures
    	int& subsetCount,							//Number of subsets in mesh
    	bool isRHCoordSys,							//true if model was created in right hand coord system
    	bool computeNormals);						//true to compute the normals, false to use the files normals
    
    struct Light
    {
    	Light()
    	{
    		ZeroMemory(this, sizeof(Light));
    	}
    	XMFLOAT3 pos;
    	float range;
    	XMFLOAT3 dir;
    	float cone;
    	XMFLOAT3 att;
    	float pad2;
    	XMFLOAT4 ambient;
    	XMFLOAT4 diffuse;
    };
    
    Light light;
    
    struct cbPerFrame
    {
    	Light  light;
    };
    
    cbPerFrame constbuffPerFrame;
    
    struct Vertex	//Overloaded Vertex Structure
    {
    	Vertex(){}
    	Vertex(float x, float y, float z,
    		float u, float v,
    		float nx, float ny, float nz,
    		float tx, float ty, float tz)
    		: pos(x,y,z), texCoord(u, v), normal(nx, ny, nz),
    		tangent(tx, ty, tz){}
    
    	XMFLOAT3 pos;
    	XMFLOAT2 texCoord;
    	XMFLOAT3 normal;
    	XMFLOAT3 tangent;
    	XMFLOAT3 biTangent;
    
    	// Will not be sent to shader
    	int StartWeight;
    	int WeightCount;
    };
    
    D3D11_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC layout[] =
    {
    	{ "POSITION", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT, 0, 0, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0 },  
    	{ "TEXCOORD", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_FLOAT, 0, 12, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0 },  
    	{ "NORMAL",	 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT,    0, 20, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0},
    	{ "TANGENT", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT,    0, 32, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0}
    };
    UINT numElements = ARRAYSIZE(layout);
    
    struct Joint
    {
    	std::wstring name;
    	int parentID;
    
    	XMFLOAT3 pos;
    	XMFLOAT4 orientation;
    };
    
    
    struct BoundingBox
    {
    	XMFLOAT3 min;
    	XMFLOAT3 max;
    };
    
    struct FrameData
    {
    	int frameID;
    	std::vector<float> frameData;
    };
    struct AnimJointInfo
    {
    	std::wstring name;
    	int parentID;
    
    	int flags;
    	int startIndex;
    };
    
    struct ModelAnimation
    {
    	int numFrames;
    	int numJoints;
    	int frameRate;
    	int numAnimatedComponents;
    
    	float frameTime;
    	float totalAnimTime;
    	float currAnimTime;
    
    	std::vector<AnimJointInfo> jointInfo;
    	std::vector<BoundingBox> frameBounds;
    	std::vector<Joint>	baseFrameJoints;
    	std::vector<FrameData>	frameData;
    	std::vector<std::vector<Joint>> frameSkeleton;
    };
    
    
    struct Weight
    {
    	int jointID;
    	float bias;
    	XMFLOAT3 pos;
    
    	XMFLOAT3 normal;
    
    };
    
    struct ModelSubset
    {
    	int texArrayIndex;
    	int numTriangles;
    
    	std::vector<Vertex> vertices;
    	std::vector<XMFLOAT3> jointSpaceNormals;
    	std::vector<DWORD> indices;
    	std::vector<Weight> weights;
    
    	std::vector<XMFLOAT3> positions;
    
    	ID3D11Buffer* vertBuff; 
    	ID3D11Buffer* indexBuff;
    };
    
    struct Model3D
    {
    	int numSubsets;
    	int numJoints;
    
    	std::vector<Joint> joints;
    	std::vector<ModelSubset> subsets;
    
    
    	std::vector<ModelAnimation> animations;
    
    };
    
    XMMATRIX playerCharWorld;
    Model3D NewMD5Model;
    
    //LoadMD5Model() function prototype
    bool LoadMD5Model(std::wstring filename,
    	Model3D& MD5Model,
    	std::vector<ID3D11ShaderResourceView*>& shaderResourceViewArray,
    	std::vector<std::wstring> texFileNameArray);
    
    
    bool LoadMD5Anim(std::wstring filename,	Model3D& MD5Model);
    
    void UpdateMD5Model(Model3D& MD5Model, float deltaTime, int animation);
    
    
    int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,	//Main windows function
    	HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, 
    	LPSTR lpCmdLine,
    	int nShowCmd)
    {
    
    	if(!InitializeWindow(hInstance, nShowCmd, Width, Height, true))
    	{
    		MessageBox(0, L"Window Initialization - Failed",
    			L"Error", MB_OK);
    		return 0;
    	}
    
    	if(!InitializeDirect3d11App(hInstance))	//Initialize Direct3D
    	{
    		MessageBox(0, L"Direct3D Initialization - Failed",
    			L"Error", MB_OK);
    		return 0;
    	}
    
    
    	if(!InitScene())	//Initialize our scene
    	{
    		MessageBox(0, L"Scene Initialization - Failed",
    			L"Error", MB_OK);
    		return 0;
    	}
    
    	if(!InitDirectInput(hInstance))
    	{
    		MessageBox(0, L"Direct Input Initialization - Failed",
    			L"Error", MB_OK);
    		return 0;
    	}
    
    	messageloop();
    
    	CleanUp();    
    
    	return 0;
    }
    
    bool InitializeWindow(HINSTANCE hInstance,
    	int ShowWnd,
    	int width, int height,
    	bool windowed)
    {
    	typedef struct _WNDCLASS {
    		UINT cbSize;
    		UINT style;
    		WNDPROC lpfnWndProc;
    		int cbClsExtra;
    		int cbWndExtra;
    		HANDLE hInstance;
    		HICON hIcon;
    		HCURSOR hCursor;
    		HBRUSH hbrBackground;
    		LPCTSTR lpszMenuName;
    		LPCTSTR lpszClassName;
    	} WNDCLASS;
    
    	WNDCLASSEX wc;
    
    	wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
    	wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
    	wc.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
    	wc.cbClsExtra = NULL;
    	wc.cbWndExtra = NULL;
    	wc.hInstance = hInstance;
    	wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
    	wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
    	wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW + 1);
    	wc.lpszMenuName = NULL;
    	wc.lpszClassName = WndClassName;
    	wc.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
    
    	if (!RegisterClassEx(&wc))
    	{
    		MessageBox(NULL, L"Error registering class",	
    			L"Error", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
    		return 1;
    	}
    
    	hwnd = CreateWindowEx(
    		NULL,
    		WndClassName,
    		L"Lesson 31 - Simple Third Person Camera",
    		WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
    		CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
    		width, height,
    		NULL,
    		NULL,
    		hInstance,
    		NULL
    		);
    
    	if (!hwnd)
    	{
    		MessageBox(NULL, L"Error creating window",
    			L"Error", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
    		return 1;
    	}
    
    	ShowWindow(hwnd, ShowWnd);
    	UpdateWindow(hwnd);
    
    	return true;
    }
    
    bool InitializeDirect3d11App(HINSTANCE hInstance)
    {	
    	//Describe our SwapChain Buffer
    	DXGI_MODE_DESC bufferDesc;
    
    	ZeroMemory(&bufferDesc, sizeof(DXGI_MODE_DESC));
    
    	bufferDesc.Width = Width;
    	bufferDesc.Height = Height;
    	bufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 60;
    	bufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;
    	bufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM;
    	bufferDesc.ScanlineOrdering = DXGI_MODE_SCANLINE_ORDER_UNSPECIFIED;
    	bufferDesc.Scaling = DXGI_MODE_SCALING_UNSPECIFIED;
    
    	//Describe our SwapChain
    	DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC swapChainDesc; 
    
    	ZeroMemory(&swapChainDesc, sizeof(DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC));
    
    	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc = bufferDesc;
    	swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
    	swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
    	swapChainDesc.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
    	swapChainDesc.BufferCount = 1;
    	swapChainDesc.OutputWindow = hwnd; 
    	///////////////**************Fullscreen/Windowed**************////////////////////
    	swapChainDesc.Windowed = true; 
    	///////////////**************Fullscreen/Windowed**************////////////////////
    	swapChainDesc.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_DISCARD;
    
    	// Create DXGI factory to enumerate adapters///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    	IDXGIFactory1 *DXGIFactory;
    
    	HRESULT hr = CreateDXGIFactory1(__uuidof(IDXGIFactory1), (void**)&DXGIFactory);	
    
    	// Use the first adapter	
    	IDXGIAdapter1 *Adapter;
    
    	hr = DXGIFactory->EnumAdapters1(0, &Adapter);
    
    	DXGIFactory->Release();	
    
    	//Create our Direct3D 11 Device and SwapChain//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    	hr = D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(Adapter, D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_UNKNOWN, NULL, D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_BGRA_SUPPORT,
    		NULL, NULL,	D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &swapChainDesc, &SwapChain, &d3d11Device, NULL, &d3d11DevCon);
    
    	//Initialize Direct2D, Direct3D 10.1, DirectWrite
    	InitD2D_D3D101_DWrite(Adapter);
    
    	//Release the Adapter interface
    	Adapter->Release();
    
    	//Create our BackBuffer and Render Target
    	hr = SwapChain->GetBuffer( 0, __uuidof( ID3D11Texture2D ), (void**)&BackBuffer11 );
    	hr = d3d11Device->CreateRenderTargetView( BackBuffer11, NULL, &renderTargetView );
    
    	//Describe our Depth/Stencil Buffer
    	D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC depthStencilDesc;
    
    	depthStencilDesc.Width     = Width;
    	depthStencilDesc.Height    = Height;
    	depthStencilDesc.MipLevels = 1;
    	depthStencilDesc.ArraySize = 1;
    	depthStencilDesc.Format    = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
    	depthStencilDesc.SampleDesc.Count   = 1;
    	depthStencilDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
    	depthStencilDesc.Usage          = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    	depthStencilDesc.BindFlags      = D3D11_BIND_DEPTH_STENCIL;
    	depthStencilDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0; 
    	depthStencilDesc.MiscFlags      = 0;
    
    	//Create the Depth/Stencil View
    	d3d11Device->CreateTexture2D(&depthStencilDesc, NULL, &depthStencilBuffer);
    	d3d11Device->CreateDepthStencilView(depthStencilBuffer, NULL, &depthStencilView);
    
    	return true;
    }
    
    bool InitD2D_D3D101_DWrite(IDXGIAdapter1 *Adapter)
    {
    	//Create our Direc3D 10.1 Device///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    	hr = D3D10CreateDevice1(Adapter, D3D10_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE, NULL,D3D10_CREATE_DEVICE_BGRA_SUPPORT,
    		D3D10_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_3, D3D10_1_SDK_VERSION, &d3d101Device	);	
    
    	//Create Shared Texture that Direct3D 10.1 will render on//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    	D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC sharedTexDesc;	
    
    	ZeroMemory(&sharedTexDesc, sizeof(sharedTexDesc));
    
    	sharedTexDesc.Width = Width;
    	sharedTexDesc.Height = Height;	
    	sharedTexDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM;
    	sharedTexDesc.MipLevels = 1;	
    	sharedTexDesc.ArraySize = 1;
    	sharedTexDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
    	sharedTexDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    	sharedTexDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_SHADER_RESOURCE | D3D11_BIND_RENDER_TARGET;	
    	sharedTexDesc.MiscFlags = D3D11_RESOURCE_MISC_SHARED_KEYEDMUTEX;	
    
    	hr = d3d11Device->CreateTexture2D(&sharedTexDesc, NULL, &sharedTex11);	
    
    	// Get the keyed mutex for the shared texture (for D3D11)///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    	hr = sharedTex11->QueryInterface(__uuidof(IDXGIKeyedMutex), (void**)&keyedMutex11);	
    
    	// Get the shared handle needed to open the shared texture in D3D10.1///////////////////////////////////////////////////
    	IDXGIResource *sharedResource10;
    	HANDLE sharedHandle10;	
    
    	hr = sharedTex11->QueryInterface(__uuidof(IDXGIResource), (void**)&sharedResource10);
    
    	hr = sharedResource10->GetSharedHandle(&sharedHandle10);	
    
    	sharedResource10->Release();
    
    	// Open the surface for the shared texture in D3D10.1///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    	IDXGISurface1 *sharedSurface10;	
    
    	hr = d3d101Device->OpenSharedResource(sharedHandle10, __uuidof(IDXGISurface1), (void**)(&sharedSurface10));
    
    	hr = sharedSurface10->QueryInterface(__uuidof(IDXGIKeyedMutex), (void**)&keyedMutex10);	
    
    	// Create D2D factory///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    	ID2D1Factory *D2DFactory;	
    	hr = D2D1CreateFactory(D2D1_FACTORY_TYPE_SINGLE_THREADED, __uuidof(ID2D1Factory), (void**)&D2DFactory);	
    
    	D2D1_RENDER_TARGET_PROPERTIES renderTargetProperties;
    
    	ZeroMemory(&renderTargetProperties, sizeof(renderTargetProperties));
    
    	renderTargetProperties.type = D2D1_RENDER_TARGET_TYPE_HARDWARE;
    	renderTargetProperties.pixelFormat = D2D1::PixelFormat(DXGI_FORMAT_UNKNOWN, D2D1_ALPHA_MODE_PREMULTIPLIED);	
    
    	hr = D2DFactory->CreateDxgiSurfaceRenderTarget(sharedSurface10, &renderTargetProperties, &D2DRenderTarget);
    
    	sharedSurface10->Release();
    	D2DFactory->Release();	
    
    	// Create a solid color brush to draw something with		
    	hr = D2DRenderTarget->CreateSolidColorBrush(D2D1::ColorF(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), &Brush);
    
    	//DirectWrite///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    	hr = DWriteCreateFactory(DWRITE_FACTORY_TYPE_SHARED, __uuidof(IDWriteFactory),
    		reinterpret_cast<IUnknown**>(&DWriteFactory));
    
    	hr = DWriteFactory->CreateTextFormat(
    		L"Script",
    		NULL,
    		DWRITE_FONT_WEIGHT_REGULAR,
    		DWRITE_FONT_STYLE_NORMAL,
    		DWRITE_FONT_STRETCH_NORMAL,
    		24.0f,
    		L"en-us",
    		&TextFormat
    		);
    
    	hr = TextFormat->SetTextAlignment(DWRITE_TEXT_ALIGNMENT_LEADING);
    	hr = TextFormat->SetParagraphAlignment(DWRITE_PARAGRAPH_ALIGNMENT_NEAR);
    
    	d3d101Device->IASetPrimitiveTopology(D3D10_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_POINTLIST);	
    	return true;
    }
    
    bool InitDirectInput(HINSTANCE hInstance)
    {
    	hr = DirectInput8Create(hInstance,
    		DIRECTINPUT_VERSION,
    		IID_IDirectInput8,
    		(void**)&DirectInput,
    		NULL); 
    
    	hr = DirectInput->CreateDevice(GUID_SysKeyboard,
    		&DIKeyboard,
    		NULL);
    
    	hr = DirectInput->CreateDevice(GUID_SysMouse,
    		&DIMouse,
    		NULL);
    
    	hr = DIKeyboard->SetDataFormat(&c_dfDIKeyboard);
    	hr = DIKeyboard->SetCooperativeLevel(hwnd, DISCL_FOREGROUND | DISCL_NONEXCLUSIVE);
    
    	hr = DIMouse->SetDataFormat(&c_dfDIMouse);
    	hr = DIMouse->SetCooperativeLevel(hwnd, DISCL_EXCLUSIVE | DISCL_NOWINKEY | DISCL_FOREGROUND);
    
    	return true;
    }
    
    /************************************New Stuff****************************************************/
    void MoveChar(double time, XMVECTOR& destinationDirection, XMMATRIX& worldMatrix)
    {
    	// Normalize our destinated direction vector
    	destinationDirection = XMVector3Normalize(destinationDirection);
    
    	// If character is currently facing the complete opposite direction as the desired direction
    	// they will turn around VERY slowly, so we want to make sure they turn around at a normal speed
    	// by making the old character direction not the exact opposite direction as the current character
    	// position. Try commenting out the next two lines to see what i'm talking about
    	if(XMVectorGetX(XMVector3Dot(destinationDirection, oldCharDirection)) == -1)
    		oldCharDirection += XMVectorSet(0.02f, 0.0f, -0.02f, 0.0f);
    
    	// Get our current characters position in the world, from it's world matrix
    	charPosition = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    	charPosition = XMVector3TransformCoord(charPosition, worldMatrix);
    
    	// Rotate our character smoothly when changing direction (from the GPG series)
    	float destDirLength = 10.0f * frameTime;		// Change to the speed you want your character to rotate. This uses the game timer from an earlier lesson
    												// The larget this value, the faster the character rotates
    	currCharDirection = oldCharDirection + (destinationDirection * destDirLength);	// Get the characters direction (based off time, old position, and desired
    																					// direction), by adding together the current direction and the old direction
    																					// to get vector that smoothly turns from oldCharDir to denstinationDirection
    	currCharDirection = XMVector3Normalize(currCharDirection);		// Normalize the characters current direction vector
    
    	// Here we find the angle of our character (angle between current direction and world's normal vector), used so that we can actually rotate
    	// our characters world matrix. The three lines below, together, find the angle between 0 PI and 2 PI (360 degrees, and technically, it returns
    	// the degrees in radians from -1 PI to 1 PI, but that has the same effect as 0 PI to 2 PI) between two vectors.
    	// XMVector3AngleBetweenNormals returns an angle between two vectors, but always a positive result between
    	// 0 and 1 PI. Which means, it doesn't tell us which half of the 2 PI degrees that are possible. So, we have the next if statement below,
    	// which crosses the current characters direction and the worlds forward (0,0,1), which should give us the y axis vector (assuming that our character
    	// rotates on the xz plane). We check to see if the y vector is positive ( > 0.0f), and if it is, we set the characters direction angle to be
    	// the opposite of what it currently is, giving us the result in -1 PI to 1 PI.
    	float charDirAngle = XMVectorGetX(XMVector3AngleBetweenNormals( XMVector3Normalize(currCharDirection), XMVector3Normalize(DefaultForward)));
    	if(XMVectorGetY(XMVector3Cross(currCharDirection, DefaultForward)) > 0.0f)
    		charDirAngle = -charDirAngle;
    
    	// Now we update our characters position based off the frame time, his old position, and the direction he is facing
    	float speed = 15.0f * frameTime;
    	charPosition = charPosition + (destinationDirection * speed);
    
    	// Update characters world matrix
    	XMMATRIX rotationMatrix;
    	Scale = XMMatrixScaling( 0.25f, 0.25f, 0.25f );
    	Translation = XMMatrixTranslation(XMVectorGetX(charPosition), 0.0f, XMVectorGetZ(charPosition) );
    	rotationMatrix = XMMatrixRotationY(charDirAngle - 3.14159265f);		// Subtract PI from angle so the character doesn't run backwards
    
    	worldMatrix = Scale * rotationMatrix * Translation;
    
    	// Set the characters old direction
    	oldCharDirection = currCharDirection;																
    
    	// Update our animation
    	float timeFactor = 1.0f;	// You can speed up or slow down time by changing this
    	UpdateMD5Model(NewMD5Model, time*timeFactor, 0);
    }
    
    void UpdateCamera()
    {
    	// Rotate target around camera
    	/*camRotationMatrix = XMMatrixRotationRollPitchYaw(camPitch, camYaw, 0);
    	camTarget = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultForward, camRotationMatrix );
    	camTarget = XMVector3Normalize(camTarget);*/
    
    	/*XMMATRIX RotateYTempMatrix;
    	RotateYTempMatrix = XMMatrixRotationY(camYaw);
    
    	// Walk
    	camRight = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultRight, RotateYTempMatrix);
    	camForward = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultForward, RotateYTempMatrix);
    	camUp = XMVector3Cross(camForward, camRight);*/
    
    	/*// Free Cam
    	camRight = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultRight, camRotationMatrix);
    	camForward = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultForward, camRotationMatrix);
    	camUp = XMVector3Cross(camForward, camRight);*/
    
    	/*camPosition += moveLeftRight*camRight;
    	camPosition += moveBackForward*camForward;
    
    	moveLeftRight = 0.0f;
    	moveBackForward = 0.0f;
    
    	camTarget = camPosition + camTarget;*/
    
    	// Third Person Camera
    	// Set the cameras target to be looking at the character.
    	camTarget = charPosition;
    
    	// This line is because this lessons model was set to stand on the point (0,0,0) (my bad), and we
    	// don't want to just be looking at the models feet, so we move the camera's target vector up 5 units
    	camTarget = XMVectorSetY(camTarget, XMVectorGetY(camTarget)+5.0f);	
        	
    	// Unlike before, when we rotated the cameras target vector around the cameras position,
    	// we are now rotating the cameras position around it's target (which is the character)
    	// Rotate camera around target
    	camRotationMatrix = XMMatrixRotationRollPitchYaw(-camPitch, camYaw, 0);
    	camPosition = XMVector3TransformNormal(DefaultForward, camRotationMatrix );
    	camPosition = XMVector3Normalize(camPosition);
    
    	// Set our cameras position to rotate around the character. We need to add 5 to the characters
    	// position's y axis because i'm stupid and modeled the character in the 3d modeling program
    	// to be "standing" on (0,0,0), instead of centered around it ;) Well target her head here though
    	camPosition = (camPosition * charCamDist) + camTarget;
    
    	// We need to set our cameras forward and right vectors to lay
    	// in the worlds xz plane, since they are the vectors we will
    	// be using to determine the direction our character is running
    	camForward = XMVector3Normalize(camTarget - camPosition);	// Get forward vector based on target
    	camForward = XMVectorSetY(camForward, 0.0f);	// set forwards y component to 0 so it lays only on
    	// the xz plane
    	camForward = XMVector3Normalize(camForward);
    	// To get our camera's Right vector, we set it's x component to the negative z component from the
    	// camera's forward vector, and the z component to the camera forwards x component
    	camRight = XMVectorSet(-XMVectorGetZ(camForward), 0.0f, XMVectorGetX(camForward), 0.0f);
    
    	// Our camera does not "roll", so we can safely assume that the cameras right vector is always
    	// in the xz plane, so to get the up vector, we just get the normalized vector from the camera
    	// position to the cameras target, and cross it with the camera's Right vector
    	camUp =XMVector3Normalize(XMVector3Cross(XMVector3Normalize(camPosition - camTarget), camRight));
    
    	camView = XMMatrixLookAtLH( camPosition, camTarget, camUp );
    }
    
    void DetectInput(double time)
    {
    	DIMOUSESTATE mouseCurrState;
    
    	BYTE keyboardState[256];
    
    	DIKeyboard->Acquire();
    	DIMouse->Acquire();
    
    	DIMouse->GetDeviceState(sizeof(DIMOUSESTATE), &mouseCurrState);
    
    	DIKeyboard->GetDeviceState(sizeof(keyboardState),(LPVOID)&keyboardState);
    
    	if(keyboardState[DIK_ESCAPE] & 0x80)
    		PostMessage(hwnd, WM_DESTROY, 0, 0);
    
    	float speed = 10.0f * time;	
    	bool moveChar = false;
    	XMVECTOR desiredCharDir = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    
    	if(keyboardState[DIK_A] & 0x80)
    	{
    		desiredCharDir += (camRight);
    		moveChar = true;
    	}
    	if(keyboardState[DIK_D] & 0x80)
    	{
    		desiredCharDir += -(camRight);
    		moveChar = true;
    	}
    	if(keyboardState[DIK_W] & 0x80)
    	{
    		desiredCharDir += (camForward);
    		moveChar = true;
    	}
    	if(keyboardState[DIK_S] & 0x80)
    	{
    		desiredCharDir += -(camForward);
    		moveChar = true;
    	}
    	if((mouseCurrState.lX != mouseLastState.lX) || (mouseCurrState.lY != mouseLastState.lY))
    	{
    		camYaw += mouseLastState.lX * 0.002f;
    
    		camPitch += mouseCurrState.lY * 0.002f;
    		// Check that the camera doesn't go over the top or under the player
    		if(camPitch > 0.85f)
    			camPitch = 0.85f;
    		if(camPitch < -0.85f)
    			camPitch = -0.85f;
    
    		mouseLastState = mouseCurrState;
    	}
    
    	if(moveChar == true)
    		MoveChar(time, desiredCharDir, playerCharWorld);
    
    	UpdateCamera();
    
    	return;
    }
    /*************************************************************************************************/
    
    
    void CleanUp()
    {
    	SwapChain->SetFullscreenState(false, NULL);
    	PostMessage(hwnd, WM_DESTROY, 0, 0);
    
    	//Release the COM Objects we created
    	SwapChain->Release();
    	d3d11Device->Release();
    	d3d11DevCon->Release();
    	renderTargetView->Release();
    	VS->Release();
    	PS->Release();
    	VS_Buffer->Release();
    	PS_Buffer->Release();
    	vertLayout->Release();
    	depthStencilView->Release();
    	depthStencilBuffer->Release();
    	cbPerObjectBuffer->Release();
    	Transparency->Release();
    	CCWcullMode->Release();
    	CWcullMode->Release();
    
    	d3d101Device->Release();
    	keyedMutex11->Release();
    	keyedMutex10->Release();
    	D2DRenderTarget->Release();	
    	Brush->Release();
    	BackBuffer11->Release();
    	sharedTex11->Release();
    	DWriteFactory->Release();
    	TextFormat->Release();
    	d2dTexture->Release();
    
    	cbPerFrameBuffer->Release();
    
    	DIKeyboard->Unacquire();
    	DIMouse->Unacquire();
    	DirectInput->Release();
    
    	sphereIndexBuffer->Release();
    	sphereVertBuffer->Release();
    
    	SKYMAP_VS->Release();
    	SKYMAP_PS->Release();
    	SKYMAP_VS_Buffer->Release();
    	SKYMAP_PS_Buffer->Release();
    
    	smrv->Release();
    
    	DSLessEqual->Release();
    	RSCullNone->Release();
    
    	meshVertBuff->Release();
    	meshIndexBuff->Release();
    
    	for(int i = 0; i < NewMD5Model.numSubsets; i++)
    	{
    		NewMD5Model.subsets[i].indexBuff->Release();
    		NewMD5Model.subsets[i].vertBuff->Release();
    	}
    }
    
    
    bool LoadMD5Anim(std::wstring filename,	Model3D& MD5Model)
    {	
    	ModelAnimation tempAnim;						// Temp animation to later store in our model's animation array
    
    	std::wifstream fileIn (filename.c_str());		// Open file
    
    	std::wstring checkString;						// Stores the next string from our file
    
    	if(fileIn)										// Check if the file was opened
    	{
    		while(fileIn)								// Loop until the end of the file is reached
    		{	
    			fileIn >> checkString;					// Get next string from file
    
    			if ( checkString == L"MD5Version" )		// Get MD5 version (this function supports version 10)
    			{
    				fileIn >> checkString;
    				/*MessageBox(0, checkString.c_str(),	//display message
    				L"MD5Version", MB_OK);*/
    			}
    			else if ( checkString == L"commandline" )
    			{
    				std::getline(fileIn, checkString);	// Ignore the rest of this line
    			}
    			else if ( checkString == L"numFrames" )
    			{
    				fileIn >> tempAnim.numFrames;				// Store number of frames in this animation
    			}
    			else if ( checkString == L"numJoints" )
    			{
    				fileIn >> tempAnim.numJoints;				// Store number of joints (must match .md5mesh)
    			}
    			else if ( checkString == L"frameRate" )
    			{
    				fileIn >> tempAnim.frameRate;				// Store animation's frame rate (frames per second)
    			}
    			else if ( checkString == L"numAnimatedComponents" )
    			{
    				fileIn >> tempAnim.numAnimatedComponents;	// Number of components in each frame section
    			}
    			else if ( checkString == L"hierarchy" )
    			{
    				fileIn >> checkString;				// Skip opening bracket "{"
    
    				for(int i = 0; i < tempAnim.numJoints; i++)	// Load in each joint
    				{
    					AnimJointInfo tempJoint;
    
    					fileIn >> tempJoint.name;		// Get joints name
    					// Sometimes the names might contain spaces. If that is the case, we need to continue
    					// to read the name until we get to the closing " (quotation marks)
    					if(tempJoint.name[tempJoint.name.size()-1] != '"')
    					{
    						wchar_t checkChar;
    						bool jointNameFound = false;
    						while(!jointNameFound)
    						{
    							checkChar = fileIn.get();
    
    							if(checkChar == '"')
    								jointNameFound = true;		
    
    							tempJoint.name += checkChar;															
    						}
    					}
    
    					// Remove the quotation marks from joints name
    					tempJoint.name.erase(0, 1);
    					tempJoint.name.erase(tempJoint.name.size()-1, 1);
    
    					fileIn >> tempJoint.parentID;			// Get joints parent ID
    					fileIn >> tempJoint.flags;				// Get flags
    					fileIn >> tempJoint.startIndex;			// Get joints start index
    
    					// Make sure the joint exists in the model, and the parent ID's match up
    					// because the bind pose (md5mesh) joint hierarchy and the animations (md5anim)
    					// joint hierarchy must match up
    					bool jointMatchFound = false;
    					for(int k = 0; k < MD5Model.numJoints; k++)
    					{
    						if(MD5Model.joints[k].name == tempJoint.name)
    						{
    							if(MD5Model.joints[k].parentID == tempJoint.parentID)
    							{
    								jointMatchFound = true;
    								tempAnim.jointInfo.push_back(tempJoint);
    							}
    						}
    					}
    					if(!jointMatchFound)					// If the skeleton system does not match up, return false
    						return false;						// You might want to add an error message here
    
    					std::getline(fileIn, checkString);		// Skip rest of this line
    				}
    			}
    			else if ( checkString == L"bounds" )			// Load in the AABB for each animation
    			{
    				fileIn >> checkString;						// Skip opening bracket "{"
    
    				for(int i = 0; i < tempAnim.numFrames; i++)
    				{
    					BoundingBox tempBB;
    
    					fileIn >> checkString;					// Skip "("
    					fileIn >> tempBB.min.x >> tempBB.min.z >> tempBB.min.y;
    					fileIn >> checkString >> checkString;	// Skip ") ("
    					fileIn >> tempBB.max.x >> tempBB.max.z >> tempBB.max.y;
    					fileIn >> checkString;					// Skip ")"
    
    					tempAnim.frameBounds.push_back(tempBB);
    				}
    			}			
    			else if ( checkString == L"baseframe" )			// This is the default position for the animation
    			{												// All frames will build their skeletons off this
    				fileIn >> checkString;						// Skip opening bracket "{"
    
    				for(int i = 0; i < tempAnim.numJoints; i++)
    				{
    					Joint tempBFJ;
    
    					fileIn >> checkString;						// Skip "("
    					fileIn >> tempBFJ.pos.x >> tempBFJ.pos.z >> tempBFJ.pos.y;
    					fileIn >> checkString >> checkString;		// Skip ") ("
    					fileIn >> tempBFJ.orientation.x >> tempBFJ.orientation.z >> tempBFJ.orientation.y;
    					fileIn >> checkString;						// Skip ")"
    
    					tempAnim.baseFrameJoints.push_back(tempBFJ);
    				}
    			}
    			else if ( checkString == L"frame" )		// Load in each frames skeleton (the parts of each joint that changed from the base frame)
    			{
    				FrameData tempFrame;
    
    				fileIn >> tempFrame.frameID;		// Get the frame ID
    
    				fileIn >> checkString;				// Skip opening bracket "{"
    
    				for(int i = 0; i < tempAnim.numAnimatedComponents; i++)
    				{
    					float tempData;
    					fileIn >> tempData;				// Get the data
    
    					tempFrame.frameData.push_back(tempData);
    				}
    
    				tempAnim.frameData.push_back(tempFrame);
    
    				///*** build the frame skeleton ***///
    				std::vector<Joint> tempSkeleton;
    
    				for(int i = 0; i < tempAnim.jointInfo.size(); i++)
    				{
    					int k = 0;						// Keep track of position in frameData array
    
    					// Start the frames joint with the base frame's joint
    					Joint tempFrameJoint = tempAnim.baseFrameJoints[i];
    
    					tempFrameJoint.parentID = tempAnim.jointInfo[i].parentID;
    
    					// Notice how I have been flipping y and z. this is because some modeling programs such as
    					// 3ds max (which is what I use) use a right handed coordinate system. Because of this, we
    					// need to flip the y and z axes. If your having problems loading some models, it's possible
    					// the model was created in a left hand coordinate system. in that case, just reflip all the
    					// y and z axes in our md5 mesh and anim loader.
    					if(tempAnim.jointInfo[i].flags & 1)		// pos.x	( 000001 )
    						tempFrameJoint.pos.x = tempFrame.frameData[tempAnim.jointInfo[i].startIndex + k++];
    
    					if(tempAnim.jointInfo[i].flags & 2)		// pos.y	( 000010 )
    						tempFrameJoint.pos.z = tempFrame.frameData[tempAnim.jointInfo[i].startIndex + k++];
    
    					if(tempAnim.jointInfo[i].flags & 4)		// pos.z	( 000100 )
    						tempFrameJoint.pos.y = tempFrame.frameData[tempAnim.jointInfo[i].startIndex + k++];
    
    					if(tempAnim.jointInfo[i].flags & 8)		// orientation.x	( 001000 )
    						tempFrameJoint.orientation.x = tempFrame.frameData[tempAnim.jointInfo[i].startIndex + k++];
    
    					if(tempAnim.jointInfo[i].flags & 16)	// orientation.y	( 010000 )
    						tempFrameJoint.orientation.z = tempFrame.frameData[tempAnim.jointInfo[i].startIndex + k++];
    
    					if(tempAnim.jointInfo[i].flags & 32)	// orientation.z	( 100000 )
    						tempFrameJoint.orientation.y = tempFrame.frameData[tempAnim.jointInfo[i].startIndex + k++];
    
    
    					// Compute the quaternions w
    					float t = 1.0f - ( tempFrameJoint.orientation.x * tempFrameJoint.orientation.x )
    						- ( tempFrameJoint.orientation.y * tempFrameJoint.orientation.y )
    						- ( tempFrameJoint.orientation.z * tempFrameJoint.orientation.z );
    					if ( t < 0.0f )
    					{
    						tempFrameJoint.orientation.w = 0.0f;
    					}
    					else
    					{
    						tempFrameJoint.orientation.w = -sqrtf(t);
    					}
    
    					// Now, if the upper arm of your skeleton moves, you need to also move the lower part of your arm, and then the hands, and then finally the fingers (possibly weapon or tool too)
    					// This is where joint hierarchy comes in. We start at the top of the hierarchy, and move down to each joints child, rotating and translating them based on their parents rotation
    					// and translation. We can assume that by the time we get to the child, the parent has already been rotated and transformed based of it's parent. We can assume this because
    					// the child should never come before the parent in the files we loaded in.
    					if(tempFrameJoint.parentID >= 0)
    					{
    						Joint parentJoint = tempSkeleton[tempFrameJoint.parentID];
    
    						// Turn the XMFLOAT3 and 4's into vectors for easier computation
    						XMVECTOR parentJointOrientation = XMVectorSet(parentJoint.orientation.x, parentJoint.orientation.y, parentJoint.orientation.z, parentJoint.orientation.w);
    						XMVECTOR tempJointPos = XMVectorSet(tempFrameJoint.pos.x, tempFrameJoint.pos.y, tempFrameJoint.pos.z, 0.0f);
    						XMVECTOR parentOrientationConjugate = XMVectorSet(-parentJoint.orientation.x, -parentJoint.orientation.y, -parentJoint.orientation.z, parentJoint.orientation.w);
    
    						// Calculate current joints position relative to its parents position
    						XMFLOAT3 rotatedPos;
    						XMStoreFloat3(&rotatedPos, XMQuaternionMultiply(XMQuaternionMultiply(parentJointOrientation, tempJointPos), parentOrientationConjugate));
    
    						// Translate the joint to model space by adding the parent joint's pos to it
    						tempFrameJoint.pos.x = rotatedPos.x + parentJoint.pos.x;
    						tempFrameJoint.pos.y = rotatedPos.y + parentJoint.pos.y;
    						tempFrameJoint.pos.z = rotatedPos.z + parentJoint.pos.z;
    
    						// Currently the joint is oriented in its parent joints space, we now need to orient it in
    						// model space by multiplying the two orientations together (parentOrientation * childOrientation) <- In that order
    						XMVECTOR tempJointOrient = XMVectorSet(tempFrameJoint.orientation.x, tempFrameJoint.orientation.y, tempFrameJoint.orientation.z, tempFrameJoint.orientation.w);
    						tempJointOrient = XMQuaternionMultiply(parentJointOrientation, tempJointOrient);
    
    						// Normalize the orienation quaternion
    						tempJointOrient = XMQuaternionNormalize(tempJointOrient);
    
    						XMStoreFloat4(&tempFrameJoint.orientation, tempJointOrient);
    					}
    
    					// Store the joint into our temporary frame skeleton
    					tempSkeleton.push_back(tempFrameJoint);
    				}
    
    				// Push back our newly created frame skeleton into the animation's frameSkeleton array
    				tempAnim.frameSkeleton.push_back(tempSkeleton);
    
    				fileIn >> checkString;				// Skip closing bracket "}"
    			}
    		}
    
    		// Calculate and store some usefull animation data
    		tempAnim.frameTime = 1.0f / tempAnim.frameRate;						// Set the time per frame
    		tempAnim.totalAnimTime = tempAnim.numFrames * tempAnim.frameTime;	// Set the total time the animation takes
    		tempAnim.currAnimTime = 0.0f;										// Set the current time to zero
    
    		MD5Model.animations.push_back(tempAnim);							// Push back the animation into our model object
    	}
    	else	// If the file was not loaded
    	{
    		SwapChain->SetFullscreenState(false, NULL);	// Make sure we are out of fullscreen
    
    		// create message
    		std::wstring message = L"Could not open: ";
    		message += filename;
    
    		MessageBox(0, message.c_str(),				// display message
    			L"Error", MB_OK);
    
    		return false;
    	}
    	return true;
    }
    
    void UpdateMD5Model(Model3D& MD5Model, float deltaTime, int animation)
    {
    	MD5Model.animations[animation].currAnimTime += deltaTime;			// Update the current animation time
    
    	if(MD5Model.animations[animation].currAnimTime > MD5Model.animations[animation].totalAnimTime)
    		MD5Model.animations[animation].currAnimTime = 0.0f;
    
    	// Which frame are we on
    	float currentFrame = MD5Model.animations[animation].currAnimTime * MD5Model.animations[animation].frameRate;	
    	int frame0 = floorf( currentFrame );
    	int frame1 = frame0 + 1;
    
    	// Make sure we don't go over the number of frames	
    	if(frame0 == MD5Model.animations[animation].numFrames-1)
    		frame1 = 0;
    
    	float interpolation = currentFrame - frame0;	// Get the remainder (in time) between frame0 and frame1 to use as interpolation factor
    
    	std::vector<Joint> interpolatedSkeleton;		// Create a frame skeleton to store the interpolated skeletons in
    
    	// Compute the interpolated skeleton
    	for( int i = 0; i < MD5Model.animations[animation].numJoints; i++)
    	{
    		Joint tempJoint;
    		Joint joint0 = MD5Model.animations[animation].frameSkeleton[frame0][i];		// Get the i'th joint of frame0's skeleton
    		Joint joint1 = MD5Model.animations[animation].frameSkeleton[frame1][i];		// Get the i'th joint of frame1's skeleton
    
    		tempJoint.parentID = joint0.parentID;											// Set the tempJoints parent id
    
    		// Turn the two quaternions into XMVECTORs for easy computations
    		XMVECTOR joint0Orient = XMVectorSet(joint0.orientation.x, joint0.orientation.y, joint0.orientation.z, joint0.orientation.w);
    		XMVECTOR joint1Orient = XMVectorSet(joint1.orientation.x, joint1.orientation.y, joint1.orientation.z, joint1.orientation.w);
    
    		// Interpolate positions
    		tempJoint.pos.x = joint0.pos.x + (interpolation * (joint1.pos.x - joint0.pos.x));
    		tempJoint.pos.y = joint0.pos.y + (interpolation * (joint1.pos.y - joint0.pos.y));
    		tempJoint.pos.z = joint0.pos.z + (interpolation * (joint1.pos.z - joint0.pos.z));
    
    		// Interpolate orientations using spherical interpolation (Slerp)
    		XMStoreFloat4(&tempJoint.orientation, XMQuaternionSlerp(joint0Orient, joint1Orient, interpolation));
    
    		interpolatedSkeleton.push_back(tempJoint);		// Push the joint back into our interpolated skeleton
    	}
    
    	for ( int k = 0; k < MD5Model.numSubsets; k++)
    	{
    		for ( int i = 0; i < MD5Model.subsets[k].vertices.size(); ++i )
    		{
    			Vertex tempVert = MD5Model.subsets[k].vertices[i];
    			tempVert.pos = XMFLOAT3(0, 0, 0);	// Make sure the vertex's pos is cleared first
    			tempVert.normal = XMFLOAT3(0,0,0);	// Clear vertices normal
    
    			// Sum up the joints and weights information to get vertex's position and normal
    			for ( int j = 0; j < tempVert.WeightCount; ++j )
    			{
    				Weight tempWeight = MD5Model.subsets[k].weights[tempVert.StartWeight + j];
    				Joint tempJoint = interpolatedSkeleton[tempWeight.jointID];
    
    				// Convert joint orientation and weight pos to vectors for easier computation
    				XMVECTOR tempJointOrientation = XMVectorSet(tempJoint.orientation.x, tempJoint.orientation.y, tempJoint.orientation.z, tempJoint.orientation.w);
    				XMVECTOR tempWeightPos = XMVectorSet(tempWeight.pos.x, tempWeight.pos.y, tempWeight.pos.z, 0.0f);
    
    				// We will need to use the conjugate of the joint orientation quaternion
    				XMVECTOR tempJointOrientationConjugate = XMQuaternionInverse(tempJointOrientation);
    
    				// Calculate vertex position (in joint space, eg. rotate the point around (0,0,0)) for this weight using the joint orientation quaternion and its conjugate
    				// We can rotate a point using a quaternion with the equation "rotatedPoint = quaternion * point * quaternionConjugate"
    				XMFLOAT3 rotatedPoint;
    				XMStoreFloat3(&rotatedPoint, XMQuaternionMultiply(XMQuaternionMultiply(tempJointOrientation, tempWeightPos), tempJointOrientationConjugate));
    
    				// Now move the verices position from joint space (0,0,0) to the joints position in world space, taking the weights bias into account
    				tempVert.pos.x += ( tempJoint.pos.x + rotatedPoint.x ) * tempWeight.bias;
    				tempVert.pos.y += ( tempJoint.pos.y + rotatedPoint.y ) * tempWeight.bias;
    				tempVert.pos.z += ( tempJoint.pos.z + rotatedPoint.z ) * tempWeight.bias;
    
    				// Compute the normals for this frames skeleton using the weight normals from before
    				// We can comput the normals the same way we compute the vertices position, only we don't have to translate them (just rotate)
    				XMVECTOR tempWeightNormal = XMVectorSet(tempWeight.normal.x, tempWeight.normal.y, tempWeight.normal.z, 0.0f);
    
    				// Rotate the normal
    				XMStoreFloat3(&rotatedPoint, XMQuaternionMultiply(XMQuaternionMultiply(tempJointOrientation, tempWeightNormal), tempJointOrientationConjugate));
    
    				// Add to vertices normal and ake weight bias into account
    				tempVert.normal.x -= rotatedPoint.x * tempWeight.bias;
    				tempVert.normal.y -= rotatedPoint.y * tempWeight.bias;
    				tempVert.normal.z -= rotatedPoint.z * tempWeight.bias;
    			}
    
    			MD5Model.subsets[k].positions[i] = tempVert.pos;				// Store the vertices position in the position vector instead of straight into the vertex vector
    			MD5Model.subsets[k].vertices[i].normal = tempVert.normal;		// Store the vertices normal
    			XMStoreFloat3(&MD5Model.subsets[k].vertices[i].normal, XMVector3Normalize(XMLoadFloat3(&MD5Model.subsets[k].vertices[i].normal)));
    		}
    
    		// Put the positions into the vertices for this subset
    		for(int i = 0; i < MD5Model.subsets[k].vertices.size(); i++)
    		{
    			MD5Model.subsets[k].vertices[i].pos = MD5Model.subsets[k].positions[i];
    		}
    
    		// Update the subsets vertex buffer
    		// First lock the buffer
    		D3D11_MAPPED_SUBRESOURCE mappedVertBuff;
    		hr = d3d11DevCon->Map(MD5Model.subsets[k].vertBuff, 0, D3D11_MAP_WRITE_DISCARD, 0, &mappedVertBuff);
    
    		// Copy the data into the vertex buffer.
    		memcpy(mappedVertBuff.pData, &MD5Model.subsets[k].vertices[0], (sizeof(Vertex) * MD5Model.subsets[k].vertices.size()));
    
    		d3d11DevCon->Unmap(MD5Model.subsets[k].vertBuff, 0);
    
    		// The line below is another way to update a buffer. You will use this when you want to update a buffer less
    		// than once per frame, since the GPU reads will be faster (the buffer was created as a DEFAULT buffer instead
    		// of a DYNAMIC buffer), and the CPU writes will be slower. You can try both methods to find out which one is faster
    		// for you. if you want to use the line below, you will have to create the buffer with D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT instead
    		// of D3D11_USAGE_DYNAMIC
    		//d3d11DevCon->UpdateSubresource( MD5Model.subsets[k].vertBuff, 0, NULL, &MD5Model.subsets[k].vertices[0], 0, 0 );
    	}
    }
    
    
    bool LoadMD5Model(std::wstring filename,
    	Model3D& MD5Model,
    	std::vector<ID3D11ShaderResourceView*>& shaderResourceViewArray,
    	std::vector<std::wstring> texFileNameArray)
    {
    	std::wifstream fileIn (filename.c_str());		// Open file
    
    	std::wstring checkString;						// Stores the next string from our file
    
    	if(fileIn)										// Check if the file was opened
    	{
    		while(fileIn)								// Loop until the end of the file is reached
    		{	
    			fileIn >> checkString;					// Get next string from file
    
    			if(checkString == L"MD5Version")		// Get MD5 version (this function supports version 10)
    			{
    				/*fileIn >> checkString;
    				MessageBox(0, checkString.c_str(),	//display message
    				L"MD5Version", MB_OK);*/
    			}
    			else if ( checkString == L"commandline" )
    			{
    				std::getline(fileIn, checkString);	// Ignore the rest of this line
    			}
    			else if ( checkString == L"numJoints" )
    			{
    				fileIn >> MD5Model.numJoints;		// Store number of joints
    			}
    			else if ( checkString == L"numMeshes" )
    			{
    				fileIn >> MD5Model.numSubsets;		// Store number of meshes or subsets which we will call them
    			}
    			else if ( checkString == L"joints" )
    			{
    				Joint tempJoint;
    
    				fileIn >> checkString;				// Skip the "{"
    
    				for(int i = 0; i < MD5Model.numJoints; i++)
    				{
    					fileIn >> tempJoint.name;		// Store joints name
    					// Sometimes the names might contain spaces. If that is the case, we need to continue
    					// to read the name until we get to the closing " (quotation marks)
    					if(tempJoint.name[tempJoint.name.size()-1] != '"')
    					{
    						wchar_t checkChar;
    						bool jointNameFound = false;
    						while(!jointNameFound)
    						{
    							checkChar = fileIn.get();
    
    							if(checkChar == '"')
    								jointNameFound = true;		
    
    							tempJoint.name += checkChar;															
    						}
    					}
    
    					fileIn >> tempJoint.parentID;	// Store Parent joint's ID
    
    					fileIn >> checkString;			// Skip the "("
    
    					// Store position of this joint (swap y and z axis if model was made in RH Coord Sys)
    					fileIn >> tempJoint.pos.x >> tempJoint.pos.z >> tempJoint.pos.y;
    
    					fileIn >> checkString >> checkString;	// Skip the ")" and "("
    
    					// Store orientation of this joint
    					fileIn >> tempJoint.orientation.x >> tempJoint.orientation.z >> tempJoint.orientation.y;
    
    					// Remove the quotation marks from joints name
    					tempJoint.name.erase(0, 1);
    					tempJoint.name.erase(tempJoint.name.size()-1, 1);
    
    					// Compute the w axis of the quaternion (The MD5 model uses a 3D vector to describe the
    					// direction the bone is facing. However, we need to turn this into a quaternion, and the way
    					// quaternions work, is the xyz values describe the axis of rotation, while the w is a value
    					// between 0 and 1 which describes the angle of rotation)
    					float t = 1.0f - ( tempJoint.orientation.x * tempJoint.orientation.x )
    						- ( tempJoint.orientation.y * tempJoint.orientation.y )
    						- ( tempJoint.orientation.z * tempJoint.orientation.z );
    					if ( t < 0.0f )
    					{
    						tempJoint.orientation.w = 0.0f;
    					}
    					else
    					{
    						tempJoint.orientation.w = -sqrtf(t);
    					}
    
    					std::getline(fileIn, checkString);		// Skip rest of this line
    
    					MD5Model.joints.push_back(tempJoint);	// Store the joint into this models joint vector
    				}
    
    				fileIn >> checkString;					// Skip the "}"
    			}
    			else if ( checkString == L"mesh")
    			{
    				ModelSubset subset;
    				int numVerts, numTris, numWeights;
    
    				fileIn >> checkString;					// Skip the "{"
    
    				fileIn >> checkString;
    				while ( checkString != L"}" )			// Read until '}'
    				{
    					// In this lesson, for the sake of simplicity, we will assume a textures filename is givin here.
    					// Usually though, the name of a material (stored in a material library. Think back to the lesson on
    					// loading .obj files, where the material library was contained in the file .mtl) is givin. Let this
    					// be an exercise to load the material from a material library such as obj's .mtl file, instead of
    					// just the texture like we will do here.
    					if(checkString == L"shader")		// Load the texture or material
    					{						
    						std::wstring fileNamePath;
    						fileIn >> fileNamePath;			// Get texture's filename
    
    						// Take spaces into account if filename or material name has a space in it
    						if(fileNamePath[fileNamePath.size()-1] != '"')
    						{
    							wchar_t checkChar;
    							bool fileNameFound = false;
    							while(!fileNameFound)
    							{
    								checkChar = fileIn.get();
    
    								if(checkChar == '"')
    									fileNameFound = true;
    
    								fileNamePath += checkChar;																	
    							}
    						}
    
    						// Remove the quotation marks from texture path
    						fileNamePath.erase(0, 1);
    						fileNamePath.erase(fileNamePath.size()-1, 1);
    
    						//check if this texture has already been loaded
    						bool alreadyLoaded = false;
    						for(int i = 0; i < texFileNameArray.size(); ++i)
    						{
    							if(fileNamePath == texFileNameArray[i])
    							{
    								alreadyLoaded = true;
    								subset.texArrayIndex = i;
    							}
    						}
    
    						//if the texture is not already loaded, load it now
    						if(!alreadyLoaded)
    						{
    							ID3D11ShaderResourceView* tempMeshSRV;
    							hr = D3DX11CreateShaderResourceViewFromFile( d3d11Device, fileNamePath.c_str(),
    								NULL, NULL, &tempMeshSRV, NULL );
    							if(SUCCEEDED(hr))
    							{
    								texFileNameArray.push_back(fileNamePath.c_str());
    								subset.texArrayIndex = shaderResourceViewArray.size();
    								shaderResourceViewArray.push_back(tempMeshSRV);
    							}
    							else
    							{
    								MessageBox(0, fileNamePath.c_str(),		//display message
    									L"Could Not Open:", MB_OK);
    								return false;
    							}
    						}	
    
    						std::getline(fileIn, checkString);				// Skip rest of this line
    					}
    					else if ( checkString == L"numverts")
    					{
    						fileIn >> numVerts;								// Store number of vertices
    
    						std::getline(fileIn, checkString);				// Skip rest of this line
    
    						for(int i = 0; i < numVerts; i++)
    						{
    							Vertex tempVert;
    
    							fileIn >> checkString						// Skip "vert # ("
    								>> checkString
    								>> checkString;
    
    							fileIn >> tempVert.texCoord.x				// Store tex coords
    								>> tempVert.texCoord.y;	
    
    							fileIn >> checkString;						// Skip ")"
    
    							fileIn >> tempVert.StartWeight;				// Index of first weight this vert will be weighted to
    
    							fileIn >> tempVert.WeightCount;				// Number of weights for this vertex
    
    							std::getline(fileIn, checkString);			// Skip rest of this line
    
    							subset.vertices.push_back(tempVert);		// Push back this vertex into subsets vertex vector
    						}
    					}
    					else if ( checkString == L"numtris")
    					{
    						fileIn >> numTris;
    						subset.numTriangles = numTris;
    
    						std::getline(fileIn, checkString);				// Skip rest of this line
    
    						for(int i = 0; i < numTris; i++)				// Loop through each triangle
    						{
    							DWORD tempIndex;
    							fileIn >> checkString;						// Skip "tri"
    							fileIn >> checkString;						// Skip tri counter
    
    							for(int k = 0; k < 3; k++)					// Store the 3 indices
    							{
    								fileIn >> tempIndex;
    								subset.indices.push_back(tempIndex);
    							}
    
    							std::getline(fileIn, checkString);			// Skip rest of this line
    						}
    					}
    					else if ( checkString == L"numweights")
    					{
    						fileIn >> numWeights;
    
    						std::getline(fileIn, checkString);				// Skip rest of this line
    
    						for(int i = 0; i < numWeights; i++)
    						{
    							Weight tempWeight;
    							fileIn >> checkString >> checkString;		// Skip "weight #"
    
    							fileIn >> tempWeight.jointID;				// Store weight's joint ID
    
    							fileIn >> tempWeight.bias;					// Store weight's influence over a vertex
    
    							fileIn >> checkString;						// Skip "("
    
    							fileIn >> tempWeight.pos.x					// Store weight's pos in joint's local space
    								>> tempWeight.pos.z
    								>> tempWeight.pos.y;
    
    							std::getline(fileIn, checkString);			// Skip rest of this line
    
    							subset.weights.push_back(tempWeight);		// Push back tempWeight into subsets Weight array
    						}
    
    					}
    					else
    						std::getline(fileIn, checkString);				// Skip anything else
    
    					fileIn >> checkString;								// Skip "}"
    				}
    
    				//*** find each vertex's position using the joints and weights ***//
    				for ( int i = 0; i < subset.vertices.size(); ++i )
    				{
    					Vertex tempVert = subset.vertices[i];
    					tempVert.pos = XMFLOAT3(0, 0, 0);	// Make sure the vertex's pos is cleared first
    
    					// Sum up the joints and weights information to get vertex's position
    					for ( int j = 0; j < tempVert.WeightCount; ++j )
    					{
    						Weight tempWeight = subset.weights[tempVert.StartWeight + j];
    						Joint tempJoint = MD5Model.joints[tempWeight.jointID];
    
    						// Convert joint orientation and weight pos to vectors for easier computation
    						// When converting a 3d vector to a quaternion, you should put 0 for "w", and
    						// When converting a quaternion to a 3d vector, you can just ignore the "w"
    						XMVECTOR tempJointOrientation = XMVectorSet(tempJoint.orientation.x, tempJoint.orientation.y, tempJoint.orientation.z, tempJoint.orientation.w);
    						XMVECTOR tempWeightPos = XMVectorSet(tempWeight.pos.x, tempWeight.pos.y, tempWeight.pos.z, 0.0f);
    
    						// We will need to use the conjugate of the joint orientation quaternion
    						// To get the conjugate of a quaternion, all you have to do is inverse the x, y, and z
    						XMVECTOR tempJointOrientationConjugate = XMVectorSet(-tempJoint.orientation.x, -tempJoint.orientation.y, -tempJoint.orientation.z, tempJoint.orientation.w);
    
    						// Calculate vertex position (in joint space, eg. rotate the point around (0,0,0)) for this weight using the joint orientation quaternion and its conjugate
    						// We can rotate a point using a quaternion with the equation "rotatedPoint = quaternion * point * quaternionConjugate"
    						XMFLOAT3 rotatedPoint;
    						XMStoreFloat3(&rotatedPoint, XMQuaternionMultiply(XMQuaternionMultiply(tempJointOrientation, tempWeightPos), tempJointOrientationConjugate));
    
    						// Now move the verices position from joint space (0,0,0) to the joints position in world space, taking the weights bias into account
    						// The weight bias is used because multiple weights might have an effect on the vertices final position. Each weight is attached to one joint.
    						tempVert.pos.x += ( tempJoint.pos.x + rotatedPoint.x ) * tempWeight.bias;
    						tempVert.pos.y += ( tempJoint.pos.y + rotatedPoint.y ) * tempWeight.bias;
    						tempVert.pos.z += ( tempJoint.pos.z + rotatedPoint.z ) * tempWeight.bias;
    
    						// Basically what has happened above, is we have taken the weights position relative to the joints position
    						// we then rotate the weights position (so that the weight is actually being rotated around (0, 0, 0) in world space) using
    						// the quaternion describing the joints rotation. We have stored this rotated point in rotatedPoint, which we then add to
    						// the joints position (because we rotated the weight's position around (0,0,0) in world space, and now need to translate it
    						// so that it appears to have been rotated around the joints position). Finally we multiply the answer with the weights bias,
    						// or how much control the weight has over the final vertices position. All weight's bias effecting a single vertex's position
    						// must add up to 1.
    					}
    
    					subset.positions.push_back(tempVert.pos);			// Store the vertices position in the position vector instead of straight into the vertex vector
    					// since we can use the positions vector for certain things like collision detection or picking
    					// without having to work with the entire vertex structure.
    				}
    
    				// Put the positions into the vertices for this subset
    				for(int i = 0; i < subset.vertices.size(); i++)
    				{
    					subset.vertices[i].pos = subset.positions[i];
    				}
    
    				//*** Calculate vertex normals using normal averaging ***///
    				std::vector<XMFLOAT3> tempNormal;
    
    				//normalized and unnormalized normals
    				XMFLOAT3 unnormalized = XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    
    				//Used to get vectors (sides) from the position of the verts
    				float vecX, vecY, vecZ;
    
    				//Two edges of our triangle
    				XMVECTOR edge1 = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    				XMVECTOR edge2 = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    
    				//Compute face normals
    				for(int i = 0; i < subset.numTriangles; ++i)
    				{
    					//Get the vector describing one edge of our triangle (edge 0,2)
    					vecX = subset.vertices[subset.indices[(i*3)]].pos.x - subset.vertices[subset.indices[(i*3)+2]].pos.x;
    					vecY = subset.vertices[subset.indices[(i*3)]].pos.y - subset.vertices[subset.indices[(i*3)+2]].pos.y;
    					vecZ = subset.vertices[subset.indices[(i*3)]].pos.z - subset.vertices[subset.indices[(i*3)+2]].pos.z;		
    					edge1 = XMVectorSet(vecX, vecY, vecZ, 0.0f);	//Create our first edge
    
    					//Get the vector describing another edge of our triangle (edge 2,1)
    					vecX = subset.vertices[subset.indices[(i*3)+2]].pos.x - subset.vertices[subset.indices[(i*3)+1]].pos.x;
    					vecY = subset.vertices[subset.indices[(i*3)+2]].pos.y - subset.vertices[subset.indices[(i*3)+1]].pos.y;
    					vecZ = subset.vertices[subset.indices[(i*3)+2]].pos.z - subset.vertices[subset.indices[(i*3)+1]].pos.z;		
    					edge2 = XMVectorSet(vecX, vecY, vecZ, 0.0f);	//Create our second edge
    
    					//Cross multiply the two edge vectors to get the un-normalized face normal
    					XMStoreFloat3(&unnormalized, XMVector3Cross(edge1, edge2));
    
    					tempNormal.push_back(unnormalized);
    				}
    
    				//Compute vertex normals (normal Averaging)
    				XMVECTOR normalSum = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    				int facesUsing = 0;
    				float tX, tY, tZ;	//temp axis variables
    
    				//Go through each vertex
    				for(int i = 0; i < subset.vertices.size(); ++i)
    				{
    					//Check which triangles use this vertex
    					for(int j = 0; j < subset.numTriangles; ++j)
    					{
    						if(subset.indices[j*3] == i ||
    							subset.indices[(j*3)+1] == i ||
    							subset.indices[(j*3)+2] == i)
    						{
    							tX = XMVectorGetX(normalSum) + tempNormal[j].x;
    							tY = XMVectorGetY(normalSum) + tempNormal[j].y;
    							tZ = XMVectorGetZ(normalSum) + tempNormal[j].z;
    
    							normalSum = XMVectorSet(tX, tY, tZ, 0.0f);	//If a face is using the vertex, add the unormalized face normal to the normalSum
    
    							facesUsing++;
    						}
    					}
    
    					//Get the actual normal by dividing the normalSum by the number of faces sharing the vertex
    					normalSum = normalSum / facesUsing;
    
    					//Normalize the normalSum vector
    					normalSum = XMVector3Normalize(normalSum);
    
    					//Store the normal and tangent in our current vertex
    					subset.vertices[i].normal.x = -XMVectorGetX(normalSum);
    					subset.vertices[i].normal.y = -XMVectorGetY(normalSum);
    					subset.vertices[i].normal.z = -XMVectorGetZ(normalSum);					
    
    
    					// Create the joint space normal for easy normal calculations in animation
    					Vertex tempVert = subset.vertices[i];						// Get the current vertex
    					subset.jointSpaceNormals.push_back(XMFLOAT3(0,0,0));		// Push back a blank normal
    					XMVECTOR normal = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);		// Clear normal
    
    					for ( int k = 0; k < tempVert.WeightCount; k++)				// Loop through each of the vertices weights
    					{
    						Joint tempJoint = MD5Model.joints[subset.weights[tempVert.StartWeight + k].jointID];	// Get the joints orientation
    						XMVECTOR jointOrientation = XMVectorSet(tempJoint.orientation.x, tempJoint.orientation.y, tempJoint.orientation.z, tempJoint.orientation.w);
    
    						// Calculate normal based off joints orientation (turn into joint space)
    						normal = XMQuaternionMultiply(XMQuaternionMultiply(XMQuaternionInverse(jointOrientation), normalSum), jointOrientation);		
    
    						XMStoreFloat3(&subset.weights[tempVert.StartWeight + k].normal, XMVector3Normalize(normal));			// Store the normalized quaternion into our weights normal
    					}				
    
    					//Clear normalSum, facesUsing for next vertex
    					normalSum = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    					facesUsing = 0;
    				}
    
    				// Create index buffer
    				D3D11_BUFFER_DESC indexBufferDesc;
    				ZeroMemory( &indexBufferDesc, sizeof(indexBufferDesc) );
    
    				indexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    				indexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(DWORD) * subset.numTriangles * 3;
    				indexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER;
    				indexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    				indexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;
    
    				D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA iinitData;
    				iinitData.pSysMem = &subset.indices[0];
    				d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&indexBufferDesc, &iinitData, &subset.indexBuff);
    
    				//Create Vertex Buffer
    				D3D11_BUFFER_DESC vertexBufferDesc;
    				ZeroMemory( &vertexBufferDesc, sizeof(vertexBufferDesc) );
    
    				vertexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DYNAMIC;							// We will be updating this buffer, so we must set as dynamic
    				vertexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof( Vertex ) * subset.vertices.size();
    				vertexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;
    				vertexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = D3D11_CPU_ACCESS_WRITE;				// Give CPU power to write to buffer
    				vertexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;
    
    				D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA vertexBufferData; 
    				ZeroMemory( &vertexBufferData, sizeof(vertexBufferData) );
    				vertexBufferData.pSysMem = &subset.vertices[0];
    				hr = d3d11Device->CreateBuffer( &vertexBufferDesc, &vertexBufferData, &subset.vertBuff);
    
    				// Push back the temp subset into the models subset vector
    				MD5Model.subsets.push_back(subset);
    			}
    		}
    	}
    	else
    	{
    		SwapChain->SetFullscreenState(false, NULL);	// Make sure we are out of fullscreen
    
    		// create message
    		std::wstring message = L"Could not open: ";
    		message += filename;
    
    		MessageBox(0, message.c_str(),	// display message
    			L"Error", MB_OK);
    
    		return false;
    	}
    
    	return true;
    }
    
    bool LoadObjModel(std::wstring filename, 
    	ID3D11Buffer** vertBuff, 
    	ID3D11Buffer** indexBuff,
    	std::vector<int>& subsetIndexStart,
    	std::vector<int>& subsetMaterialArray,
    	std::vector<SurfaceMaterial>& material, 
    	int& subsetCount,
    	bool isRHCoordSys,
    	bool computeNormals)
    {
    	HRESULT hr = 0;
    
    	std::wifstream fileIn (filename.c_str());	//Open file
    	std::wstring meshMatLib;					//String to hold our obj material library filename
    
    	//Arrays to store our model's information
    	std::vector<DWORD> indices;
    	std::vector<XMFLOAT3> vertPos;
    	std::vector<XMFLOAT3> vertNorm;
    	std::vector<XMFLOAT2> vertTexCoord;
    	std::vector<std::wstring> meshMaterials;
    
    	//Vertex definition indices
    	std::vector<int> vertPosIndex;
    	std::vector<int> vertNormIndex;
    	std::vector<int> vertTCIndex;
    
    	//Make sure we have a default if no tex coords or normals are defined
    	bool hasTexCoord = false;
    	bool hasNorm = false;
    
    	//Temp variables to store into vectors
    	std::wstring meshMaterialsTemp;
    	int vertPosIndexTemp;
    	int vertNormIndexTemp;
    	int vertTCIndexTemp;
    
    	wchar_t checkChar;		//The variable we will use to store one char from file at a time
    	std::wstring face;		//Holds the string containing our face vertices
    	int vIndex = 0;			//Keep track of our vertex index count
    	int triangleCount = 0;	//Total Triangles
    	int totalVerts = 0;
    	int meshTriangles = 0;
    
    	//Check to see if the file was opened
    	if (fileIn)
    	{
    		while(fileIn)
    		{			
    			checkChar = fileIn.get();	//Get next char
    
    			switch (checkChar)
    			{		
    			case '#':
    				checkChar = fileIn.get();
    				while(checkChar != '\n')
    					checkChar = fileIn.get();
    				break;
    			case 'v':	//Get Vertex Descriptions
    				checkChar = fileIn.get();
    				if(checkChar == ' ')	//v - vert position
    				{
    					float vz, vy, vx;
    					fileIn >> vx >> vy >> vz;	//Store the next three types
    
    					if(isRHCoordSys)	//If model is from an RH Coord System
    						vertPos.push_back(XMFLOAT3( vx, vy, vz * -1.0f));	//Invert the Z axis
    					else
    						vertPos.push_back(XMFLOAT3( vx, vy, vz));
    				}
    				if(checkChar == 't')	//vt - vert tex coords
    				{			
    					float vtcu, vtcv;
    					fileIn >> vtcu >> vtcv;		//Store next two types
    
    					if(isRHCoordSys)	//If model is from an RH Coord System
    						vertTexCoord.push_back(XMFLOAT2(vtcu, 1.0f-vtcv));	//Reverse the "v" axis
    					else
    						vertTexCoord.push_back(XMFLOAT2(vtcu, vtcv));	
    
    					hasTexCoord = true;	//We know the model uses texture coords
    				}
    				//Since we compute the normals later, we don't need to check for normals
    				//In the file, but i'll do it here anyway
    				if(checkChar == 'n')	//vn - vert normal
    				{
    					float vnx, vny, vnz;
    					fileIn >> vnx >> vny >> vnz;	//Store next three types
    
    					if(isRHCoordSys)	//If model is from an RH Coord System
    						vertNorm.push_back(XMFLOAT3( vnx, vny, vnz * -1.0f ));	//Invert the Z axis
    					else
    						vertNorm.push_back(XMFLOAT3( vnx, vny, vnz ));	
    
    					hasNorm = true;	//We know the model defines normals
    				}
    				break;
    
    				//New group (Subset)
    			case 'g':	//g - defines a group
    				checkChar = fileIn.get();
    				if(checkChar == ' ')
    				{
    					subsetIndexStart.push_back(vIndex);		//Start index for this subset
    					subsetCount++;
    				}
    				break;
    
    				//Get Face Index
    			case 'f':	//f - defines the faces
    				checkChar = fileIn.get();
    				if(checkChar == ' ')
    				{
    					face = L"";
    					std::wstring VertDef;	//Holds one vertex definition at a time
    					triangleCount = 0;
    
    					checkChar = fileIn.get();
    					while(checkChar != '\n')
    					{
    						face += checkChar;			//Add the char to our face string
    						checkChar = fileIn.get();	//Get the next Character
    						if(checkChar == ' ')		//If its a space...
    							triangleCount++;		//Increase our triangle count
    					}
    
    					//Check for space at the end of our face string
    					if(face[face.length()-1] == ' ')
    						triangleCount--;	//Each space adds to our triangle count
    
    					triangleCount -= 1;		//Ever vertex in the face AFTER the first two are new faces
    
    					std::wstringstream ss(face);
    
    					if(face.length() > 0)
    					{
    						int firstVIndex, lastVIndex;	//Holds the first and last vertice's index
    
    						for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i)		//First three vertices (first triangle)
    						{
    							ss >> VertDef;	//Get vertex definition (vPos/vTexCoord/vNorm)
    
    							std::wstring vertPart;
    							int whichPart = 0;		//(vPos, vTexCoord, or vNorm)
    
    							//Parse this string
    							for(int j = 0; j < VertDef.length(); ++j)
    							{
    								if(VertDef[j] != '/')	//If there is no divider "/", add a char to our vertPart
    									vertPart += VertDef[j];
    
    								//If the current char is a divider "/", or its the last character in the string
    								if(VertDef[j] == '/' || j ==  VertDef.length()-1)
    								{
    									std::wistringstream wstringToInt(vertPart);	//Used to convert wstring to int
    
    									if(whichPart == 0)	//If vPos
    									{
    										wstringToInt >> vertPosIndexTemp;
    										vertPosIndexTemp -= 1;		//subtract one since c++ arrays start with 0, and obj start with 1
    
    										//Check to see if the vert pos was the only thing specified
    										if(j == VertDef.length()-1)
    										{
    											vertNormIndexTemp = 0;
    											vertTCIndexTemp = 0;
    										}
    									}
    
    									else if(whichPart == 1)	//If vTexCoord
    									{
    										if(vertPart != L"")	//Check to see if there even is a tex coord
    										{
    											wstringToInt >> vertTCIndexTemp;
    											vertTCIndexTemp -= 1;	//subtract one since c++ arrays start with 0, and obj start with 1
    										}
    										else	//If there is no tex coord, make a default
    											vertTCIndexTemp = 0;
    
    										//If the cur. char is the second to last in the string, then
    										//there must be no normal, so set a default normal
    										if(j == VertDef.length()-1)
    											vertNormIndexTemp = 0;
    
    									}								
    									else if(whichPart == 2)	//If vNorm
    									{
    										std::wistringstream wstringToInt(vertPart);
    
    										wstringToInt >> vertNormIndexTemp;
    										vertNormIndexTemp -= 1;		//subtract one since c++ arrays start with 0, and obj start with 1
    									}
    
    									vertPart = L"";	//Get ready for next vertex part
    									whichPart++;	//Move on to next vertex part					
    								}
    							}
    
    							//Check to make sure there is at least one subset
    							if(subsetCount == 0)
    							{
    								subsetIndexStart.push_back(vIndex);		//Start index for this subset
    								subsetCount++;
    							}
    
    							//Avoid duplicate vertices
    							bool vertAlreadyExists = false;
    							if(totalVerts >= 3)	//Make sure we at least have one triangle to check
    							{
    								//Loop through all the vertices
    								for(int iCheck = 0; iCheck < totalVerts; ++iCheck)
    								{
    									//If the vertex position and texture coordinate in memory are the same
    									//As the vertex position and texture coordinate we just now got out
    									//of the obj file, we will set this faces vertex index to the vertex's
    									//index value in memory. This makes sure we don't create duplicate vertices
    									if(vertPosIndexTemp == vertPosIndex[iCheck] && !vertAlreadyExists)
    									{
    										if(vertTCIndexTemp == vertTCIndex[iCheck])
    										{
    											indices.push_back(iCheck);		//Set index for this vertex
    											vertAlreadyExists = true;		//If we've made it here, the vertex already exists
    										}
    									}
    								}
    							}
    
    							//If this vertex is not already in our vertex arrays, put it there
    							if(!vertAlreadyExists)
    							{
    								vertPosIndex.push_back(vertPosIndexTemp);
    								vertTCIndex.push_back(vertTCIndexTemp);
    								vertNormIndex.push_back(vertNormIndexTemp);
    								totalVerts++;	//We created a new vertex
    								indices.push_back(totalVerts-1);	//Set index for this vertex
    							}							
    
    							//If this is the very first vertex in the face, we need to
    							//make sure the rest of the triangles use this vertex
    							if(i == 0)
    							{
    								firstVIndex = indices[vIndex];	//The first vertex index of this FACE
    
    							}
    
    							//If this was the last vertex in the first triangle, we will make sure
    							//the next triangle uses this one (eg. tri1(1,2,3) tri2(1,3,4) tri3(1,4,5))
    							if(i == 2)
    							{								
    								lastVIndex = indices[vIndex];	//The last vertex index of this TRIANGLE
    							}
    							vIndex++;	//Increment index count
    						}
    
    						meshTriangles++;	//One triangle down
    
    						//If there are more than three vertices in the face definition, we need to make sure
    						//we convert the face to triangles. We created our first triangle above, now we will
    						//create a new triangle for every new vertex in the face, using the very first vertex
    						//of the face, and the last vertex from the triangle before the current triangle
    						for(int l = 0; l < triangleCount-1; ++l)	//Loop through the next vertices to create new triangles
    						{
    							//First vertex of this triangle (the very first vertex of the face too)
    							indices.push_back(firstVIndex);			//Set index for this vertex
    							vIndex++;
    
    							//Second Vertex of this triangle (the last vertex used in the tri before this one)
    							indices.push_back(lastVIndex);			//Set index for this vertex
    							vIndex++;
    
    							//Get the third vertex for this triangle
    							ss >> VertDef;
    
    							std::wstring vertPart;
    							int whichPart = 0;
    
    							//Parse this string (same as above)
    							for(int j = 0; j < VertDef.length(); ++j)
    							{
    								if(VertDef[j] != '/')
    									vertPart += VertDef[j];
    								if(VertDef[j] == '/' || j ==  VertDef.length()-1)
    								{
    									std::wistringstream wstringToInt(vertPart);
    
    									if(whichPart == 0)
    									{
    										wstringToInt >> vertPosIndexTemp;
    										vertPosIndexTemp -= 1;
    
    										//Check to see if the vert pos was the only thing specified
    										if(j == VertDef.length()-1)
    										{
    											vertTCIndexTemp = 0;
    											vertNormIndexTemp = 0;
    										}
    									}
    									else if(whichPart == 1)
    									{
    										if(vertPart != L"")
    										{
    											wstringToInt >> vertTCIndexTemp;
    											vertTCIndexTemp -= 1;
    										}
    										else
    											vertTCIndexTemp = 0;
    										if(j == VertDef.length()-1)
    											vertNormIndexTemp = 0;
    
    									}								
    									else if(whichPart == 2)
    									{
    										std::wistringstream wstringToInt(vertPart);
    
    										wstringToInt >> vertNormIndexTemp;
    										vertNormIndexTemp -= 1;
    									}
    
    									vertPart = L"";
    									whichPart++;							
    								}
    							}					
    
    							//Check for duplicate vertices
    							bool vertAlreadyExists = false;
    							if(totalVerts >= 3)	//Make sure we at least have one triangle to check
    							{
    								for(int iCheck = 0; iCheck < totalVerts; ++iCheck)
    								{
    									if(vertPosIndexTemp == vertPosIndex[iCheck] && !vertAlreadyExists)
    									{
    										if(vertTCIndexTemp == vertTCIndex[iCheck])
    										{
    											indices.push_back(iCheck);			//Set index for this vertex
    											vertAlreadyExists = true;		//If we've made it here, the vertex already exists
    										}
    									}
    								}
    							}
    
    							if(!vertAlreadyExists)
    							{
    								vertPosIndex.push_back(vertPosIndexTemp);
    								vertTCIndex.push_back(vertTCIndexTemp);
    								vertNormIndex.push_back(vertNormIndexTemp);
    								totalVerts++;					//New vertex created, add to total verts
    								indices.push_back(totalVerts-1);		//Set index for this vertex
    							}
    
    							//Set the second vertex for the next triangle to the last vertex we got		
    							lastVIndex = indices[vIndex];	//The last vertex index of this TRIANGLE
    
    							meshTriangles++;	//New triangle defined
    							vIndex++;		
    						}
    					}
    				}
    				break;
    
    			case 'm':	//mtllib - material library filename
    				checkChar = fileIn.get();
    				if(checkChar == 't')
    				{
    					checkChar = fileIn.get();
    					if(checkChar == 'l')
    					{
    						checkChar = fileIn.get();
    						if(checkChar == 'l')
    						{
    							checkChar = fileIn.get();
    							if(checkChar == 'i')
    							{
    								checkChar = fileIn.get();
    								if(checkChar == 'b')
    								{
    									checkChar = fileIn.get();
    									if(checkChar == ' ')
    									{
    										//Store the material libraries file name
    										fileIn >> meshMatLib;
    									}
    								}
    							}
    						}
    					}
    				}
    
    				break;
    
    			case 'u':	//usemtl - which material to use
    				checkChar = fileIn.get();
    				if(checkChar == 's')
    				{
    					checkChar = fileIn.get();
    					if(checkChar == 'e')
    					{
    						checkChar = fileIn.get();
    						if(checkChar == 'm')
    						{
    							checkChar = fileIn.get();
    							if(checkChar == 't')
    							{
    								checkChar = fileIn.get();
    								if(checkChar == 'l')
    								{
    									checkChar = fileIn.get();
    									if(checkChar == ' ')
    									{
    										meshMaterialsTemp = L"";	//Make sure this is cleared
    
    										fileIn >> meshMaterialsTemp; //Get next type (string)
    
    										meshMaterials.push_back(meshMaterialsTemp);
    									}
    								}
    							}
    						}
    					}
    				}
    				break;
    
    			default:				
    				break;
    			}
    		}
    	}
    	else	//If we could not open the file
    	{
    		SwapChain->SetFullscreenState(false, NULL);	//Make sure we are out of fullscreen
    
    		//create message
    		std::wstring message = L"Could not open: ";
    		message += filename;
    
    		MessageBox(0, message.c_str(),	//display message
    			L"Error", MB_OK);
    
    		return false;
    	}
    
    	subsetIndexStart.push_back(vIndex); //There won't be another index start after our last subset, so set it here
    
    	//sometimes "g" is defined at the very top of the file, then again before the first group of faces.
    	//This makes sure the first subset does not conatain "0" indices.
    	if(subsetIndexStart[1] == 0)
    	{
    		subsetIndexStart.erase(subsetIndexStart.begin()+1);
    		meshSubsets--;
    	}
    
    	//Make sure we have a default for the tex coord and normal
    	//if one or both are not specified
    	if(!hasNorm)
    		vertNorm.push_back(XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
    	if(!hasTexCoord)
    		vertTexCoord.push_back(XMFLOAT2(0.0f, 0.0f));
    
    	//Close the obj file, and open the mtl file
    	fileIn.close();
    	fileIn.open(meshMatLib.c_str());
    
    	std::wstring lastStringRead;
    	int matCount = material.size();	//total materials
    
    	//kdset - If our diffuse color was not set, we can use the ambient color (which is usually the same)
    	//If the diffuse color WAS set, then we don't need to set our diffuse color to ambient
    	bool kdset = false;
    
    	if (fileIn)
    	{
    		while(fileIn)
    		{
    			checkChar = fileIn.get();	//Get next char
    
    			switch (checkChar)
    			{
    				//Check for comment
    			case '#':
    				checkChar = fileIn.get();
    				while(checkChar != '\n')
    					checkChar = fileIn.get();
    				break;
    
    				//Set diffuse color
    			case 'K':
    				checkChar = fileIn.get();
    				if(checkChar == 'd')	//Diffuse Color
    				{
    					checkChar = fileIn.get();	//remove space
    
    					fileIn >> material[matCount-1].difColor.x;
    					fileIn >> material[matCount-1].difColor.y;
    					fileIn >> material[matCount-1].difColor.z;
    
    					kdset = true;
    				}
    
    				//Ambient Color (We'll store it in diffuse if there isn't a diffuse already)
    				if(checkChar == 'a')	
    				{					
    					checkChar = fileIn.get();	//remove space
    					if(!kdset)
    					{
    						fileIn >> material[matCount-1].difColor.x;
    						fileIn >> material[matCount-1].difColor.y;
    						fileIn >> material[matCount-1].difColor.z;
    					}
    				}
    				break;
    
    				//Check for transparency
    			case 'T':
    				checkChar = fileIn.get();
    				if(checkChar == 'r')
    				{
    					checkChar = fileIn.get();	//remove space
    					float Transparency;
    					fileIn >> Transparency;
    
    					material[matCount-1].difColor.w = Transparency;
    
    					if(Transparency > 0.0f)
    						material[matCount-1].transparent = true;
    				}
    				break;
    
    				//Some obj files specify d for transparency
    			case 'd':
    				checkChar = fileIn.get();
    				if(checkChar == ' ')
    				{
    					float Transparency;
    					fileIn >> Transparency;
    
    					//'d' - 0 being most transparent, and 1 being opaque, opposite of Tr
    					Transparency = 1.0f - Transparency;
    
    					material[matCount-1].difColor.w = Transparency;
    
    					if(Transparency > 0.0f)
    						material[matCount-1].transparent = true;					
    				}
    				break;
    
    				//Get the diffuse map (texture)
    			case 'm':
    				checkChar = fileIn.get();
    				if(checkChar == 'a')
    				{
    					checkChar = fileIn.get();
    					if(checkChar == 'p')
    					{
    						checkChar = fileIn.get();
    						if(checkChar == '_')
    						{
    							//map_Kd - Diffuse map
    							checkChar = fileIn.get();
    							if(checkChar == 'K')
    							{
    								checkChar = fileIn.get();
    								if(checkChar == 'd')
    								{
    
    									std::wstring fileNamePath;
    
    									fileIn.get();	//Remove whitespace between map_Kd and file
    
    									//Get the file path - We read the pathname char by char since
    									//pathnames can sometimes contain spaces, so we will read until
    									//we find the file extension
    									bool texFilePathEnd = false;
    									while(!texFilePathEnd)
    									{
    										checkChar = fileIn.get();
    
    										fileNamePath += checkChar;
    
    										if(checkChar == '.')
    										{
    											for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
    												fileNamePath += fileIn.get();
    
    											texFilePathEnd = true;
    										}							
    									}
    
    									//check if this texture has already been loaded
    									bool alreadyLoaded = false;
    									for(int i = 0; i < textureNameArray.size(); ++i)
    									{
    										if(fileNamePath == textureNameArray[i])
    										{
    											alreadyLoaded = true;
    											material[matCount-1].texArrayIndex = i;
    											material[matCount-1].hasTexture = true;
    										}
    									}
    
    									//if the texture is not already loaded, load it now
    									if(!alreadyLoaded)
    									{
    										ID3D11ShaderResourceView* tempMeshSRV;
    										hr = D3DX11CreateShaderResourceViewFromFile( d3d11Device, fileNamePath.c_str(),
    											NULL, NULL, &tempMeshSRV, NULL );
    										if(SUCCEEDED(hr))
    										{
    											textureNameArray.push_back(fileNamePath.c_str());
    											material[matCount-1].texArrayIndex = meshSRV.size();
    											meshSRV.push_back(tempMeshSRV);
    											material[matCount-1].hasTexture = true;
    										}
    									}	
    								}
    							}
    							//map_d - alpha map
    							else if(checkChar == 'd')
    							{
    								//Alpha maps are usually the same as the diffuse map
    								//So we will assume that for now by only enabling
    								//transparency for this material, as we will already
    								//be using the alpha channel in the diffuse map
    								material[matCount-1].transparent = true;
    							}
    
    							//map_bump - bump map (we're usinga normal map though)
    							else if(checkChar == 'b')
    							{
    								checkChar = fileIn.get();
    								if(checkChar == 'u')
    								{
    									checkChar = fileIn.get();
    									if(checkChar == 'm')
    									{
    										checkChar = fileIn.get();
    										if(checkChar == 'p')
    										{
    											std::wstring fileNamePath;
    
    											fileIn.get();	//Remove whitespace between map_bump and file
    
    											//Get the file path - We read the pathname char by char since
    											//pathnames can sometimes contain spaces, so we will read until
    											//we find the file extension
    											bool texFilePathEnd = false;
    											while(!texFilePathEnd)
    											{
    												checkChar = fileIn.get();
    
    												fileNamePath += checkChar;
    
    												if(checkChar == '.')
    												{
    													for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
    														fileNamePath += fileIn.get();
    
    													texFilePathEnd = true;
    												}							
    											}
    
    											//check if this texture has already been loaded
    											bool alreadyLoaded = false;
    											for(int i = 0; i < textureNameArray.size(); ++i)
    											{
    												if(fileNamePath == textureNameArray[i])
    												{
    													alreadyLoaded = true;
    													material[matCount-1].normMapTexArrayIndex = i;
    													material[matCount-1].hasNormMap = true;
    												}
    											}
    
    											//if the texture is not already loaded, load it now
    											if(!alreadyLoaded)
    											{
    												ID3D11ShaderResourceView* tempMeshSRV;
    												hr = D3DX11CreateShaderResourceViewFromFile( d3d11Device, fileNamePath.c_str(),
    													NULL, NULL, &tempMeshSRV, NULL );
    												if(SUCCEEDED(hr))
    												{
    													textureNameArray.push_back(fileNamePath.c_str());
    													material[matCount-1].normMapTexArrayIndex = meshSRV.size();
    													meshSRV.push_back(tempMeshSRV);
    													material[matCount-1].hasNormMap = true;
    												}
    											}	
    										}
    									}
    								}
    							}
    						}
    					}
    				}
    				break;
    
    			case 'n':	//newmtl - Declare new material
    				checkChar = fileIn.get();
    				if(checkChar == 'e')
    				{
    					checkChar = fileIn.get();
    					if(checkChar == 'w')
    					{
    						checkChar = fileIn.get();
    						if(checkChar == 'm')
    						{
    							checkChar = fileIn.get();
    							if(checkChar == 't')
    							{
    								checkChar = fileIn.get();
    								if(checkChar == 'l')
    								{
    									checkChar = fileIn.get();
    									if(checkChar == ' ')
    									{
    										//New material, set its defaults
    										SurfaceMaterial tempMat;
    										material.push_back(tempMat);
    										fileIn >> material[matCount].matName;
    										material[matCount].transparent = false;
    										material[matCount].hasTexture = false;
    										material[matCount].hasNormMap = false;
    										material[matCount].normMapTexArrayIndex = 0;
    										material[matCount].texArrayIndex = 0;
    										matCount++;
    										kdset = false;
    									}
    								}
    							}
    						}
    					}
    				}
    				break;
    
    			default:
    				break;
    			}
    		}
    	}	
    	else
    	{
    		SwapChain->SetFullscreenState(false, NULL);	//Make sure we are out of fullscreen
    
    		std::wstring message = L"Could not open: ";
    		message += meshMatLib;
    
    		MessageBox(0, message.c_str(),
    			L"Error", MB_OK);
    
    		return false;
    	}
    
    	//Set the subsets material to the index value
    	//of the its material in our material array
    	for(int i = 0; i < meshSubsets; ++i)
    	{
    		bool hasMat = false;
    		for(int j = 0; j < material.size(); ++j)
    		{
    			if(meshMaterials[i] == material[j].matName)
    			{
    				subsetMaterialArray.push_back(j);
    				hasMat = true;
    			}
    		}
    		if(!hasMat)
    			subsetMaterialArray.push_back(0); //Use first material in array
    	}
    
    	std::vector<Vertex> vertices;
    	Vertex tempVert;
    
    	//Create our vertices using the information we got 
    	//from the file and store them in a vector
    	for(int j = 0 ; j < totalVerts; ++j)
    	{
    		tempVert.pos = vertPos[vertPosIndex[j]];
    		tempVert.normal = vertNorm[vertNormIndex[j]];
    		tempVert.texCoord = vertTexCoord[vertTCIndex[j]];
    
    		vertices.push_back(tempVert);
    	}
    
    	//////////////////////Compute Normals///////////////////////////
    	//If computeNormals was set to true then we will create our own
    	//normals, if it was set to false we will use the obj files normals
    	if(computeNormals)
    	{
    		std::vector<XMFLOAT3> tempNormal;
    
    		//normalized and unnormalized normals
    		XMFLOAT3 unnormalized = XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    
    		//tangent stuff
    		std::vector<XMFLOAT3> tempTangent;
    		XMFLOAT3 tangent = XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    		float tcU1, tcV1, tcU2, tcV2;
    
    		//Used to get vectors (sides) from the position of the verts
    		float vecX, vecY, vecZ;
    
    		//Two edges of our triangle
    		XMVECTOR edge1 = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    		XMVECTOR edge2 = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    
    		//Compute face normals
    		//And Tangents
    		for(int i = 0; i < meshTriangles; ++i)
    		{
    			//Get the vector describing one edge of our triangle (edge 0,2)
    			vecX = vertices[indices[(i*3)]].pos.x - vertices[indices[(i*3)+2]].pos.x;
    			vecY = vertices[indices[(i*3)]].pos.y - vertices[indices[(i*3)+2]].pos.y;
    			vecZ = vertices[indices[(i*3)]].pos.z - vertices[indices[(i*3)+2]].pos.z;		
    			edge1 = XMVectorSet(vecX, vecY, vecZ, 0.0f);	//Create our first edge
    
    			//Get the vector describing another edge of our triangle (edge 2,1)
    			vecX = vertices[indices[(i*3)+2]].pos.x - vertices[indices[(i*3)+1]].pos.x;
    			vecY = vertices[indices[(i*3)+2]].pos.y - vertices[indices[(i*3)+1]].pos.y;
    			vecZ = vertices[indices[(i*3)+2]].pos.z - vertices[indices[(i*3)+1]].pos.z;		
    			edge2 = XMVectorSet(vecX, vecY, vecZ, 0.0f);	//Create our second edge
    
    			//Cross multiply the two edge vectors to get the un-normalized face normal
    			XMStoreFloat3(&unnormalized, XMVector3Cross(edge1, edge2));
    
    			tempNormal.push_back(unnormalized);
    
    			//Find first texture coordinate edge 2d vector
    			tcU1 = vertices[indices[(i*3)]].texCoord.x - vertices[indices[(i*3)+2]].texCoord.x;
    			tcV1 = vertices[indices[(i*3)]].texCoord.y - vertices[indices[(i*3)+2]].texCoord.y;
    
    			//Find second texture coordinate edge 2d vector
    			tcU2 = vertices[indices[(i*3)+2]].texCoord.x - vertices[indices[(i*3)+1]].texCoord.x;
    			tcV2 = vertices[indices[(i*3)+2]].texCoord.y - vertices[indices[(i*3)+1]].texCoord.y;
    
    			//Find tangent using both tex coord edges and position edges
    			tangent.x = (tcV1 * XMVectorGetX(edge1) - tcV2 * XMVectorGetX(edge2)) * (1.0f / (tcU1 * tcV2 - tcU2 * tcV1));
    			tangent.y = (tcV1 * XMVectorGetY(edge1) - tcV2 * XMVectorGetY(edge2)) * (1.0f / (tcU1 * tcV2 - tcU2 * tcV1));
    			tangent.z = (tcV1 * XMVectorGetZ(edge1) - tcV2 * XMVectorGetZ(edge2)) * (1.0f / (tcU1 * tcV2 - tcU2 * tcV1));
    
    			tempTangent.push_back(tangent);
    		}
    
    		//Compute vertex normals (normal Averaging)
    		XMVECTOR normalSum = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    		XMVECTOR tangentSum = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    		int facesUsing = 0;
    		float tX, tY, tZ;	//temp axis variables
    
    		//Go through each vertex
    		for(int i = 0; i < totalVerts; ++i)
    		{
    			//Check which triangles use this vertex
    			for(int j = 0; j < meshTriangles; ++j)
    			{
    				if(indices[j*3] == i ||
    					indices[(j*3)+1] == i ||
    					indices[(j*3)+2] == i)
    				{
    					tX = XMVectorGetX(normalSum) + tempNormal[j].x;
    					tY = XMVectorGetY(normalSum) + tempNormal[j].y;
    					tZ = XMVectorGetZ(normalSum) + tempNormal[j].z;
    
    					normalSum = XMVectorSet(tX, tY, tZ, 0.0f);	//If a face is using the vertex, add the unormalized face normal to the normalSum
    
    					//We can reuse tX, tY, tZ to sum up tangents
    					tX = XMVectorGetX(tangentSum) + tempTangent[j].x;
    					tY = XMVectorGetY(tangentSum) + tempTangent[j].y;
    					tZ = XMVectorGetZ(tangentSum) + tempTangent[j].z;
    
    					tangentSum = XMVectorSet(tX, tY, tZ, 0.0f); //sum up face tangents using this vertex
    
    					facesUsing++;
    				}
    			}
    
    			//Get the actual normal by dividing the normalSum by the number of faces sharing the vertex
    			normalSum = normalSum / facesUsing;
    			tangentSum = tangentSum / facesUsing;
    
    			//Normalize the normalSum vector and tangent
    			normalSum = XMVector3Normalize(normalSum);
    			tangentSum =  XMVector3Normalize(tangentSum);
    
    			//Store the normal and tangent in our current vertex
    			vertices[i].normal.x = XMVectorGetX(normalSum);
    			vertices[i].normal.y = XMVectorGetY(normalSum);
    			vertices[i].normal.z = XMVectorGetZ(normalSum);
    
    			vertices[i].tangent.x = XMVectorGetX(tangentSum);
    			vertices[i].tangent.y = XMVectorGetY(tangentSum);
    			vertices[i].tangent.z = XMVectorGetZ(tangentSum);
    
    			//Clear normalSum, tangentSum and facesUsing for next vertex
    			normalSum = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    			tangentSum = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    			facesUsing = 0;
    
    		}
    	}
    
    	//Create index buffer
    	D3D11_BUFFER_DESC indexBufferDesc;
    	ZeroMemory( &indexBufferDesc, sizeof(indexBufferDesc) );
    
    	indexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    	indexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(DWORD) * meshTriangles*3;
    	indexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER;
    	indexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    	indexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;
    
    	D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA iinitData;
    
    	iinitData.pSysMem = &indices[0];
    	d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&indexBufferDesc, &iinitData, indexBuff);
    
    	//Create Vertex Buffer
    	D3D11_BUFFER_DESC vertexBufferDesc;
    	ZeroMemory( &vertexBufferDesc, sizeof(vertexBufferDesc) );
    
    	vertexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    	vertexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof( Vertex ) * totalVerts;
    	vertexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;
    	vertexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    	vertexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;
    
    	D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA vertexBufferData; 
    
    	ZeroMemory( &vertexBufferData, sizeof(vertexBufferData) );
    	vertexBufferData.pSysMem = &vertices[0];
    	hr = d3d11Device->CreateBuffer( &vertexBufferDesc, &vertexBufferData, vertBuff);
    
    	return true;
    }
    
    void CreateSphere(int LatLines, int LongLines)
    {
    	NumSphereVertices = ((LatLines-2) * LongLines) + 2;
    	NumSphereFaces  = ((LatLines-3)*(LongLines)*2) + (LongLines*2);
    
    	float sphereYaw = 0.0f;
    	float spherePitch = 0.0f;
    
    	std::vector<Vertex> vertices(NumSphereVertices);
    
    	XMVECTOR currVertPos = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
    
    	vertices[0].pos.x = 0.0f;
    	vertices[0].pos.y = 0.0f;
    	vertices[0].pos.z = 1.0f;
    
    	for(DWORD i = 0; i < LatLines-2; ++i)
    	{
    		spherePitch = (i+1) * (3.14f/(LatLines-1));
    		Rotationx = XMMatrixRotationX(spherePitch);
    		for(DWORD j = 0; j < LongLines; ++j)
    		{
    			sphereYaw = j * (6.28f/(LongLines));
    			Rotationy = XMMatrixRotationZ(sphereYaw);
    			currVertPos = XMVector3TransformNormal( XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f), (Rotationx * Rotationy) );	
    			currVertPos = XMVector3Normalize( currVertPos );
    			vertices[i*LongLines+j+1].pos.x = XMVectorGetX(currVertPos);
    			vertices[i*LongLines+j+1].pos.y = XMVectorGetY(currVertPos);
    			vertices[i*LongLines+j+1].pos.z = XMVectorGetZ(currVertPos);
    		}
    	}
    
    	vertices[NumSphereVertices-1].pos.x =  0.0f;
    	vertices[NumSphereVertices-1].pos.y =  0.0f;
    	vertices[NumSphereVertices-1].pos.z = -1.0f;
    
    
    	D3D11_BUFFER_DESC vertexBufferDesc;
    	ZeroMemory( &vertexBufferDesc, sizeof(vertexBufferDesc) );
    
    	vertexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    	vertexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof( Vertex ) * NumSphereVertices;
    	vertexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;
    	vertexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    	vertexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;
    
    	D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA vertexBufferData; 
    
    	ZeroMemory( &vertexBufferData, sizeof(vertexBufferData) );
    	vertexBufferData.pSysMem = &vertices[0];
    	hr = d3d11Device->CreateBuffer( &vertexBufferDesc, &vertexBufferData, &sphereVertBuffer);
    
    
    	std::vector<DWORD> indices(NumSphereFaces * 3);
    
    	int k = 0;
    	for(DWORD l = 0; l < LongLines-1; ++l)
    	{
    		indices[k] = 0;
    		indices[k+1] = l+1;
    		indices[k+2] = l+2;
    		k += 3;
    	}
    
    	indices[k] = 0;
    	indices[k+1] = LongLines;
    	indices[k+2] = 1;
    	k += 3;
    
    	for(DWORD i = 0; i < LatLines-3; ++i)
    	{
    		for(DWORD j = 0; j < LongLines-1; ++j)
    		{
    			indices[k]   = i*LongLines+j+1;
    			indices[k+1] = i*LongLines+j+2;
    			indices[k+2] = (i+1)*LongLines+j+1;
    
    			indices[k+3] = (i+1)*LongLines+j+1;
    			indices[k+4] = i*LongLines+j+2;
    			indices[k+5] = (i+1)*LongLines+j+2;
    
    			k += 6; // next quad
    		}
    
    		indices[k]   = (i*LongLines)+LongLines;
    		indices[k+1] = (i*LongLines)+1;
    		indices[k+2] = ((i+1)*LongLines)+LongLines;
    
    		indices[k+3] = ((i+1)*LongLines)+LongLines;
    		indices[k+4] = (i*LongLines)+1;
    		indices[k+5] = ((i+1)*LongLines)+1;
    
    		k += 6;
    	}
    
    	for(DWORD l = 0; l < LongLines-1; ++l)
    	{
    		indices[k] = NumSphereVertices-1;
    		indices[k+1] = (NumSphereVertices-1)-(l+1);
    		indices[k+2] = (NumSphereVertices-1)-(l+2);
    		k += 3;
    	}
    
    	indices[k] = NumSphereVertices-1;
    	indices[k+1] = (NumSphereVertices-1)-LongLines;
    	indices[k+2] = NumSphereVertices-2;
    
    	D3D11_BUFFER_DESC indexBufferDesc;
    	ZeroMemory( &indexBufferDesc, sizeof(indexBufferDesc) );
    
    	indexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    	indexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(DWORD) * NumSphereFaces * 3;
    	indexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER;
    	indexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    	indexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;
    
    	D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA iinitData;
    
    	iinitData.pSysMem = &indices[0];
    	d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&indexBufferDesc, &iinitData, &sphereIndexBuffer);
    
    }
    
    void InitD2DScreenTexture()
    {
    	//Create the vertex buffer
    	Vertex v[] =
    	{
    		// Front Face
    		Vertex(-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),
    		Vertex(-1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),
    		Vertex( 1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),
    		Vertex( 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),
    	};
    
    	DWORD indices[] = {
    		// Front Face
    		0,  1,  2,
    		0,  2,  3,
    	};
    
    	D3D11_BUFFER_DESC indexBufferDesc;
    	ZeroMemory( &indexBufferDesc, sizeof(indexBufferDesc) );
    
    	indexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    	indexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(DWORD) * 2 * 3;
    	indexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER;
    	indexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    	indexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;
    
    	D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA iinitData;
    
    	iinitData.pSysMem = indices;
    	d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&indexBufferDesc, &iinitData, &d2dIndexBuffer);
    
    
    	D3D11_BUFFER_DESC vertexBufferDesc;
    	ZeroMemory( &vertexBufferDesc, sizeof(vertexBufferDesc) );
    
    	vertexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    	vertexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof( Vertex ) * 4;
    	vertexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;
    	vertexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    	vertexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;
    
    	D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA vertexBufferData; 
    
    	ZeroMemory( &vertexBufferData, sizeof(vertexBufferData) );
    	vertexBufferData.pSysMem = v;
    	hr = d3d11Device->CreateBuffer( &vertexBufferDesc, &vertexBufferData, &d2dVertBuffer);
    
    	//Create A shader resource view from the texture D2D will render to,
    	//So we can use it to texture a square which overlays our scene
    	d3d11Device->CreateShaderResourceView(sharedTex11, NULL, &d2dTexture);
    }
    
    bool InitScene()
    {
    	InitD2DScreenTexture();
    
    	CreateSphere(10, 10);
    
    	if(!LoadObjModel(L"ground.obj", &meshVertBuff, &meshIndexBuff, meshSubsetIndexStart, meshSubsetTexture, material, meshSubsets, true, true))
    		return false;
    
    	if(!LoadMD5Model(L"Female.md5mesh", NewMD5Model, meshSRV, textureNameArray))
    		return false;
    	if(!LoadMD5Anim(L"Female.md5anim", NewMD5Model))
    		return false;
    
    	//Compile Shaders from shader file
    	hr = D3DX11CompileFromFile(L"Effects.fx", 0, 0, "VS", "vs_4_0", 0, 0, 0, &VS_Buffer, 0, 0);
    	hr = D3DX11CompileFromFile(L"Effects.fx", 0, 0, "PS", "ps_4_0", 0, 0, 0, &PS_Buffer, 0, 0);
    	hr = D3DX11CompileFromFile(L"Effects.fx", 0, 0, "D2D_PS", "ps_4_0", 0, 0, 0, &D2D_PS_Buffer, 0, 0);
    	hr = D3DX11CompileFromFile(L"Effects.fx", 0, 0, "SKYMAP_VS", "vs_4_0", 0, 0, 0, &SKYMAP_VS_Buffer, 0, 0);
    	hr = D3DX11CompileFromFile(L"Effects.fx", 0, 0, "SKYMAP_PS", "ps_4_0", 0, 0, 0, &SKYMAP_PS_Buffer, 0, 0);
    
    	//Create the Shader Objects
    	hr = d3d11Device->CreateVertexShader(VS_Buffer->GetBufferPointer(), VS_Buffer->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &VS);
    	hr = d3d11Device->CreatePixelShader(PS_Buffer->GetBufferPointer(), PS_Buffer->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &PS);
    
    	hr = d3d11Device->CreatePixelShader(D2D_PS_Buffer->GetBufferPointer(), D2D_PS_Buffer->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &D2D_PS);
    	hr = d3d11Device->CreateVertexShader(SKYMAP_VS_Buffer->GetBufferPointer(), SKYMAP_VS_Buffer->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &SKYMAP_VS);
    	hr = d3d11Device->CreatePixelShader(SKYMAP_PS_Buffer->GetBufferPointer(), SKYMAP_PS_Buffer->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &SKYMAP_PS);
    
    	//Set Vertex and Pixel Shaders
    	d3d11DevCon->VSSetShader(VS, 0, 0);
    	d3d11DevCon->PSSetShader(PS, 0, 0);
    
    	light.pos = XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 7.0f, 0.0f);
    	light.dir = XMFLOAT3(-0.5f, 0.75f, -0.5f);
    	light.range = 1000.0f;
    	light.cone = 12.0f;
    	light.att = XMFLOAT3(0.4f, 0.02f, 0.000f);
    	light.ambient = XMFLOAT4(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f);
    	light.diffuse = XMFLOAT4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
    
    	//Create the Input Layout
    	hr = d3d11Device->CreateInputLayout( layout, numElements, VS_Buffer->GetBufferPointer(), 
    		VS_Buffer->GetBufferSize(), &vertLayout );
    
    	//Set the Input Layout
    	d3d11DevCon->IASetInputLayout( vertLayout );
    
    	//Set Primitive Topology
    	d3d11DevCon->IASetPrimitiveTopology( D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST );
    
    	//Create the Viewport
    	D3D11_VIEWPORT viewport;
    	ZeroMemory(&viewport, sizeof(D3D11_VIEWPORT));
    
    	viewport.TopLeftX = 0;
    	viewport.TopLeftY = 0;
    	viewport.Width = Width;
    	viewport.Height = Height;
    	viewport.MinDepth = 0.0f;
    	viewport.MaxDepth = 1.0f;
    
    	//Set the Viewport
    	d3d11DevCon->RSSetViewports(1, &viewport);
    
    	//Create the buffer to send to the cbuffer in effect file
    	D3D11_BUFFER_DESC cbbd;	
    	ZeroMemory(&cbbd, sizeof(D3D11_BUFFER_DESC));
    
    	cbbd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    	cbbd.ByteWidth = sizeof(cbPerObject);
    	cbbd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_CONSTANT_BUFFER;
    	cbbd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    	cbbd.MiscFlags = 0;
    
    	hr = d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&cbbd, NULL, &cbPerObjectBuffer);
    
    	//Create the buffer to send to the cbuffer per frame in effect file
    	ZeroMemory(&cbbd, sizeof(D3D11_BUFFER_DESC));
    
    	cbbd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    	cbbd.ByteWidth = sizeof(cbPerFrame);
    	cbbd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_CONSTANT_BUFFER;
    	cbbd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    	cbbd.MiscFlags = 0;
    
    	hr = d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&cbbd, NULL, &cbPerFrameBuffer);
    
    	/************************************New Stuff****************************************************/
    	Scale = XMMatrixScaling( 0.25f, 0.25f, 0.25f );			// The model is a bit too large for our scene, so make it smaller
    	Translation = XMMatrixTranslation( 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    	playerCharWorld = Scale * Translation;
    
    	//Camera information
    	camPosition = XMVectorSet( 0.0f, 10.0f, 8.0f, 0.0f );
    	camTarget = XMVectorSet( 0.0f, 3.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f );
    	camUp = XMVectorSet( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f );
    	/************************************New Stuff****************************************************/
    
    	//Set the View matrix
    	camView = XMMatrixLookAtLH( camPosition, camTarget, camUp );
    
    	//Set the Projection matrix
    	camProjection = XMMatrixPerspectiveFovLH( 3.14f/4.0f, (float)Width/Height, 1.0f, 1000.0f);
    
    	D3D11_BLEND_DESC blendDesc;
    	ZeroMemory( &blendDesc, sizeof(blendDesc) );
    
    	D3D11_RENDER_TARGET_BLEND_DESC rtbd;
    	ZeroMemory( &rtbd, sizeof(rtbd) );
    
    	rtbd.BlendEnable			 = true;
    	rtbd.SrcBlend				 = D3D11_BLEND_SRC_COLOR;
    	rtbd.DestBlend				 = D3D11_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA;
    	rtbd.BlendOp				 = D3D11_BLEND_OP_ADD;
    	rtbd.SrcBlendAlpha			 = D3D11_BLEND_ONE;
    	rtbd.DestBlendAlpha			 = D3D11_BLEND_ZERO;
    	rtbd.BlendOpAlpha			 = D3D11_BLEND_OP_ADD;
    	rtbd.RenderTargetWriteMask	 = D3D10_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_ALL;
    
    	blendDesc.AlphaToCoverageEnable = false;
    	blendDesc.RenderTarget[0] = rtbd;
    
    	d3d11Device->CreateBlendState(&blendDesc, &d2dTransparency);
    
    	ZeroMemory( &rtbd, sizeof(rtbd) );
    
    	rtbd.BlendEnable			 = true;
    	rtbd.SrcBlend				 = D3D11_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA;
    	rtbd.DestBlend				 = D3D11_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA;
    	rtbd.BlendOp				 = D3D11_BLEND_OP_ADD;
    	rtbd.SrcBlendAlpha			 = D3D11_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA;
    	rtbd.DestBlendAlpha			 = D3D11_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA;
    	rtbd.BlendOpAlpha			 = D3D11_BLEND_OP_ADD;
    	rtbd.RenderTargetWriteMask	 = D3D10_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_ALL;
    
    	blendDesc.AlphaToCoverageEnable = false;
    	blendDesc.RenderTarget[0] = rtbd;
    
    	d3d11Device->CreateBlendState(&blendDesc, &Transparency);
    
    	///Load Skymap's cube texture///
    	D3DX11_IMAGE_LOAD_INFO loadSMInfo;
    	loadSMInfo.MiscFlags = D3D11_RESOURCE_MISC_TEXTURECUBE;
    
    	ID3D11Texture2D* SMTexture = 0;
    	hr = D3DX11CreateTextureFromFile(d3d11Device, L"skymap.dds", 
    		&loadSMInfo, 0, (ID3D11Resource**)&SMTexture, 0);
    
    	D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC SMTextureDesc;
    	SMTexture->GetDesc(&SMTextureDesc);
    
    	D3D11_SHADER_RESOURCE_VIEW_DESC SMViewDesc;
    	SMViewDesc.Format = SMTextureDesc.Format;
    	SMViewDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURECUBE;
    	SMViewDesc.TextureCube.MipLevels = SMTextureDesc.MipLevels;
    	SMViewDesc.TextureCube.MostDetailedMip = 0;
    
    	hr = d3d11Device->CreateShaderResourceView(SMTexture, &SMViewDesc, &smrv);
    
    	// Describe the Sample State
    	D3D11_SAMPLER_DESC sampDesc;
    	ZeroMemory( &sampDesc, sizeof(sampDesc) );
    	sampDesc.Filter = D3D11_FILTER_MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
    	sampDesc.AddressU = D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP;
    	sampDesc.AddressV = D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP;    
    	sampDesc.AddressW = D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP;
    	sampDesc.ComparisonFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_NEVER;
    	sampDesc.MinLOD = 0;
    	sampDesc.MaxLOD = D3D11_FLOAT32_MAX;
    
    	//Create the Sample State
    	hr = d3d11Device->CreateSamplerState( &sampDesc, &CubesTexSamplerState );
    
    	D3D11_RASTERIZER_DESC cmdesc;
    
    	ZeroMemory(&cmdesc, sizeof(D3D11_RASTERIZER_DESC));
    	cmdesc.FillMode = D3D11_FILL_SOLID;
    	cmdesc.CullMode = D3D11_CULL_BACK;
    	cmdesc.FrontCounterClockwise = true;
    	hr = d3d11Device->CreateRasterizerState(&cmdesc, &CCWcullMode);
    
    	cmdesc.FrontCounterClockwise = false;
    
    	hr = d3d11Device->CreateRasterizerState(&cmdesc, &CWcullMode);
    
    	cmdesc.CullMode = D3D11_CULL_NONE;
    	//cmdesc.FillMode = D3D11_FILL_WIREFRAME;
    	hr = d3d11Device->CreateRasterizerState(&cmdesc, &RSCullNone);
    
    	D3D11_DEPTH_STENCIL_DESC dssDesc;
    	ZeroMemory(&dssDesc, sizeof(D3D11_DEPTH_STENCIL_DESC));
    	dssDesc.DepthEnable = true;
    	dssDesc.DepthWriteMask = D3D11_DEPTH_WRITE_MASK_ALL;
    	dssDesc.DepthFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_LESS_EQUAL;
    
    	d3d11Device->CreateDepthStencilState(&dssDesc, &DSLessEqual);
    
    	return true;
    }
    
    void StartTimer()
    {
    	LARGE_INTEGER frequencyCount;
    	QueryPerformanceFrequency(&frequencyCount);
    
    	countsPerSecond = double(frequencyCount.QuadPart);
    
    	QueryPerformanceCounter(&frequencyCount);
    	CounterStart = frequencyCount.QuadPart;
    }
    
    double GetTime()
    {
    	LARGE_INTEGER currentTime;
    	QueryPerformanceCounter(&currentTime);
    	return double(currentTime.QuadPart-CounterStart)/countsPerSecond;
    }
    
    double GetFrameTime()
    {
    	LARGE_INTEGER currentTime;
    	__int64 tickCount;
    	QueryPerformanceCounter(&currentTime);
    
    	tickCount = currentTime.QuadPart-frameTimeOld;
    	frameTimeOld = currentTime.QuadPart;
    
    	if(tickCount < 0.0f)
    		tickCount = 0.0f;
    
    	return float(tickCount)/countsPerSecond;
    }
    
    void UpdateScene(double time)
    {
    	//Reset sphereWorld
    	sphereWorld = XMMatrixIdentity();
    
    	//Define sphereWorld's world space matrix
    	Scale = XMMatrixScaling( 5.0f, 5.0f, 5.0f );
    	//Make sure the sphere is always centered around camera
    	Translation = XMMatrixTranslation( XMVectorGetX(camPosition), XMVectorGetY(camPosition), XMVectorGetZ(camPosition) );
    
    	//Set sphereWorld's world space using the transformations
    	sphereWorld = Scale * Translation;
    
    	//the loaded models world space
    	meshWorld = XMMatrixIdentity();
    
    	Rotation = XMMatrixRotationY(3.14f);
    	Scale = XMMatrixScaling( 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f );
    	Translation = XMMatrixTranslation( 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f );
    
    	meshWorld = Rotation * Scale * Translation;
    }
    
    void RenderText(std::wstring text, int inInt)
    {
    
    	d3d11DevCon->PSSetShader(D2D_PS, 0, 0);
    
    	//Release the D3D 11 Device
    	keyedMutex11->ReleaseSync(0);
    
    	//Use D3D10.1 device
    	keyedMutex10->AcquireSync(0, 5);	
    
    	//Draw D2D content		
    	D2DRenderTarget->BeginDraw();	
    
    	//Clear D2D Background
    	D2DRenderTarget->Clear(D2D1::ColorF(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
    
    	//Create our string
    	std::wostringstream printString; 
    	printString << text << inInt;
    	printText = printString.str();
    
    	//Set the Font Color
    	D2D1_COLOR_F FontColor = D2D1::ColorF(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
    
    	//Set the brush color D2D will use to draw with
    	Brush->SetColor(FontColor);	
    
    	//Create the D2D Render Area
    	D2D1_RECT_F layoutRect = D2D1::RectF(0, 0, Width, Height);
    
    	//Draw the Text
    	D2DRenderTarget->DrawText(
    		printText.c_str(),
    		wcslen(printText.c_str()),
    		TextFormat,
    		layoutRect,
    		Brush
    		);
    
    	D2DRenderTarget->EndDraw();	
    
    	//Release the D3D10.1 Device
    	keyedMutex10->ReleaseSync(1);
    
    	//Use the D3D11 Device
    	keyedMutex11->AcquireSync(1, 5);
    
    	//Use the shader resource representing the direct2d render target
    	//to texture a square which is rendered in screen space so it
    	//overlays on top of our entire scene. We use alpha blending so
    	//that the entire background of the D2D render target is "invisible",
    	//And only the stuff we draw with D2D will be visible (the text)
    
    	//Set the blend state for D2D render target texture objects
    	d3d11DevCon->OMSetBlendState(d2dTransparency, NULL, 0xffffffff);
    
    	//Set the d2d Index buffer
    	d3d11DevCon->IASetIndexBuffer( d2dIndexBuffer, DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT, 0);
    	//Set the d2d vertex buffer
    	UINT stride = sizeof( Vertex );
    	UINT offset = 0;
    	d3d11DevCon->IASetVertexBuffers( 0, 1, &d2dVertBuffer, &stride, &offset );
    
    	WVP =  XMMatrixIdentity();
    	cbPerObj.WVP = XMMatrixTranspose(WVP);	
    	d3d11DevCon->UpdateSubresource( cbPerObjectBuffer, 0, NULL, &cbPerObj, 0, 0 );
    	d3d11DevCon->VSSetConstantBuffers( 0, 1, &cbPerObjectBuffer );
    	d3d11DevCon->PSSetShaderResources( 0, 1, &d2dTexture );
    	d3d11DevCon->PSSetSamplers( 0, 1, &CubesTexSamplerState );
    
    	d3d11DevCon->RSSetState(CWcullMode);
    	d3d11DevCon->DrawIndexed( 6, 0, 0 );	
    }
    
    void DrawScene()
    {
    	//Clear our render target and depth/stencil view
    	float bgColor[4] = { 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f };
    	d3d11DevCon->ClearRenderTargetView(renderTargetView, bgColor);	
    	d3d11DevCon->ClearDepthStencilView(depthStencilView, D3D11_CLEAR_DEPTH|D3D11_CLEAR_STENCIL, 1.0f, 0);
    
    	constbuffPerFrame.light = light;
    	d3d11DevCon->UpdateSubresource( cbPerFrameBuffer, 0, NULL, &constbuffPerFrame, 0, 0 );
    	d3d11DevCon->PSSetConstantBuffers(0, 1, &cbPerFrameBuffer);	
    
    	//Set our Render Target
    	d3d11DevCon->OMSetRenderTargets( 1, &renderTargetView, depthStencilView );
    
    	//Set the default blend state (no blending) for opaque objects
    	d3d11DevCon->OMSetBlendState(0, 0, 0xffffffff);
    
    	//Set Vertex and Pixel Shaders
    	d3d11DevCon->VSSetShader(VS, 0, 0);
    	d3d11DevCon->PSSetShader(PS, 0, 0);
    
    	UINT stride = sizeof( Vertex );
    	UINT offset = 0;
    
    	///***Draw MD5 Model***///
    	for(int i = 0; i < NewMD5Model.numSubsets; i ++)
    	{
    		//Set the grounds index buffer
    		d3d11DevCon->IASetIndexBuffer( NewMD5Model.subsets[i].indexBuff, DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT, 0);
    		//Set the grounds vertex buffer
    		d3d11DevCon->IASetVertexBuffers( 0, 1, &NewMD5Model.subsets[i].vertBuff, &stride, &offset );
    
    		//Set the WVP matrix and send it to the constant buffer in effect file
    		WVP = playerCharWorld * camView * camProjection;
    		cbPerObj.WVP = XMMatrixTranspose(WVP);	
    		cbPerObj.World = XMMatrixTranspose(playerCharWorld);		
    		cbPerObj.hasTexture = true;		// We'll assume all md5 subsets have textures
    		cbPerObj.hasNormMap = false;	// We'll also assume md5 models have no normal map (easy to change later though)
    		d3d11DevCon->UpdateSubresource( cbPerObjectBuffer, 0, NULL, &cbPerObj, 0, 0 );
    		d3d11DevCon->VSSetConstantBuffers( 0, 1, &cbPerObjectBuffer );
    		d3d11DevCon->PSSetConstantBuffers( 1, 1, &cbPerObjectBuffer );
    		d3d11DevCon->PSSetShaderResources( 0, 1, &meshSRV[NewMD5Model.subsets[i].texArrayIndex] );
    		d3d11DevCon->PSSetSamplers( 0, 1, &CubesTexSamplerState );
    
    		d3d11DevCon->RSSetState(RSCullNone);
    		d3d11DevCon->DrawIndexed( NewMD5Model.subsets[i].indices.size(), 0, 0 );
    	}
    
    	/////Draw our model's NON-transparent subsets/////
    	for(int i = 0; i < meshSubsets; ++i)
    	{
    		//Set the grounds index buffer
    		d3d11DevCon->IASetIndexBuffer( meshIndexBuff, DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT, 0);
    		//Set the grounds vertex buffer
    		d3d11DevCon->IASetVertexBuffers( 0, 1, &meshVertBuff, &stride, &offset );
    
    		//Set the WVP matrix and send it to the constant buffer in effect file
    		WVP = meshWorld * camView * camProjection;
    		cbPerObj.WVP = XMMatrixTranspose(WVP);	
    		cbPerObj.World = XMMatrixTranspose(meshWorld);	
    		cbPerObj.difColor = material[meshSubsetTexture[i]].difColor;
    		cbPerObj.hasTexture = material[meshSubsetTexture[i]].hasTexture;
    		cbPerObj.hasNormMap = material[meshSubsetTexture[i]].hasNormMap;
    		d3d11DevCon->UpdateSubresource( cbPerObjectBuffer, 0, NULL, &cbPerObj, 0, 0 );
    		d3d11DevCon->VSSetConstantBuffers( 0, 1, &cbPerObjectBuffer );
    		d3d11DevCon->PSSetConstantBuffers( 1, 1, &cbPerObjectBuffer );
    		if(material[meshSubsetTexture[i]].hasTexture)
    			d3d11DevCon->PSSetShaderResources( 0, 1, &meshSRV[material[meshSubsetTexture[i]].texArrayIndex] );
    		if(material[meshSubsetTexture[i]].hasNormMap)
    			d3d11DevCon->PSSetShaderResources( 1, 1, &meshSRV[material[meshSubsetTexture[i]].normMapTexArrayIndex] );
    		d3d11DevCon->PSSetSamplers( 0, 1, &CubesTexSamplerState );
    
    		d3d11DevCon->RSSetState(RSCullNone);
    		int indexStart = meshSubsetIndexStart[i];
    		int indexDrawAmount =  meshSubsetIndexStart[i+1] - meshSubsetIndexStart[i];
    		if(!material[meshSubsetTexture[i]].transparent)
    			d3d11DevCon->DrawIndexed( indexDrawAmount, indexStart, 0 );
    	}
    
    	/////Draw the Sky's Sphere//////
    	//Set the spheres index buffer
    	d3d11DevCon->IASetIndexBuffer( sphereIndexBuffer, DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT, 0);
    	//Set the spheres vertex buffer
    	d3d11DevCon->IASetVertexBuffers( 0, 1, &sphereVertBuffer, &stride, &offset );
    
    	//Set the WVP matrix and send it to the constant buffer in effect file
    	WVP = sphereWorld * camView * camProjection;
    	cbPerObj.WVP = XMMatrixTranspose(WVP);	
    	cbPerObj.World = XMMatrixTranspose(sphereWorld);	
    	d3d11DevCon->UpdateSubresource( cbPerObjectBuffer, 0, NULL, &cbPerObj, 0, 0 );
    	d3d11DevCon->VSSetConstantBuffers( 0, 1, &cbPerObjectBuffer );
    	//Send our skymap resource view to pixel shader
    	d3d11DevCon->PSSetShaderResources( 0, 1, &smrv );
    	d3d11DevCon->PSSetSamplers( 0, 1, &CubesTexSamplerState );
    
    	//Set the new VS and PS shaders
    	d3d11DevCon->VSSetShader(SKYMAP_VS, 0, 0);
    	d3d11DevCon->PSSetShader(SKYMAP_PS, 0, 0);
    	//Set the new depth/stencil and RS states
    	d3d11DevCon->OMSetDepthStencilState(DSLessEqual, 0);
    	d3d11DevCon->RSSetState(RSCullNone);
    	d3d11DevCon->DrawIndexed( NumSphereFaces * 3, 0, 0 );	
    
    	//Set the default VS, PS shaders and depth/stencil state
    	d3d11DevCon->VSSetShader(VS, 0, 0);
    	d3d11DevCon->PSSetShader(PS, 0, 0);
    	d3d11DevCon->OMSetDepthStencilState(NULL, 0);
    
    	/////Draw our model's TRANSPARENT subsets now/////
    	//Set our blend state
    	d3d11DevCon->OMSetBlendState(Transparency, NULL, 0xffffffff);
    
    	for(int i = 0; i < meshSubsets; ++i)
    	{
    		//Set the grounds index buffer
    		d3d11DevCon->IASetIndexBuffer( meshIndexBuff, DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT, 0);
    		//Set the grounds vertex buffer
    		d3d11DevCon->IASetVertexBuffers( 0, 1, &meshVertBuff, &stride, &offset );
    
    		//Set the WVP matrix and send it to the constant buffer in effect file
    		WVP = meshWorld * camView * camProjection;
    		cbPerObj.WVP = XMMatrixTranspose(WVP);	
    		cbPerObj.World = XMMatrixTranspose(meshWorld);	
    		cbPerObj.difColor = material[meshSubsetTexture[i]].difColor;
    		cbPerObj.hasTexture = material[meshSubsetTexture[i]].hasTexture;
    		cbPerObj.hasNormMap = material[meshSubsetTexture[i]].hasNormMap;
    		d3d11DevCon->UpdateSubresource( cbPerObjectBuffer, 0, NULL, &cbPerObj, 0, 0 );
    		d3d11DevCon->VSSetConstantBuffers( 0, 1, &cbPerObjectBuffer );
    		d3d11DevCon->PSSetConstantBuffers( 1, 1, &cbPerObjectBuffer );
    		if(material[meshSubsetTexture[i]].hasTexture)
    			d3d11DevCon->PSSetShaderResources( 0, 1, &meshSRV[material[meshSubsetTexture[i]].texArrayIndex] );
    		if(material[meshSubsetTexture[i]].hasNormMap)
    			d3d11DevCon->PSSetShaderResources( 1, 1, &meshSRV[material[meshSubsetTexture[i]].normMapTexArrayIndex] );
    		d3d11DevCon->PSSetSamplers( 0, 1, &CubesTexSamplerState );
    
    		d3d11DevCon->RSSetState(RSCullNone);
    		int indexStart = meshSubsetIndexStart[i];
    		int indexDrawAmount =  meshSubsetIndexStart[i+1] - meshSubsetIndexStart[i];
    
    		if(material[meshSubsetTexture[i]].transparent)
    			d3d11DevCon->DrawIndexed( indexDrawAmount, indexStart, 0 );
    	}
    
    	RenderText(L"FPS: ", fps);
    
    	//Present the backbuffer to the screen
    	SwapChain->Present(0, 0);
    }
    
    int messageloop(){
    	MSG msg;
    	ZeroMemory(&msg, sizeof(MSG));
    	while(true)
    	{
    		BOOL PeekMessageL( 
    			LPMSG lpMsg,
    			HWND hWnd,
    			UINT wMsgFilterMin,
    			UINT wMsgFilterMax,
    			UINT wRemoveMsg
    			);
    
    		if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
    		{
    			if (msg.message == WM_QUIT)
    				break;
    			TranslateMessage(&msg);	
    			DispatchMessage(&msg);
    		}
    		else{
    			// run game code    
    			frameCount++;
    			if(GetTime() > 1.0f)
    			{
    				fps = frameCount;
    				frameCount = 0;
    				StartTimer();
    			}	
    
    			frameTime = GetFrameTime();
    
    			DetectInput(frameTime);
    			UpdateScene(frameTime);
    			DrawScene();
    		}
    	}
    	return msg.wParam;
    }
    
    LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd,
    	UINT msg,
    	WPARAM wParam,
    	LPARAM lParam)
    {
    	switch( msg )
    	{
    	case WM_KEYDOWN:
    		if( wParam == VK_ESCAPE ){
    			DestroyWindow(hwnd);
    		}
    		return 0;
    
    	case WM_DESTROY:
    		PostQuitMessage(0);
    		return 0;
    	}
    	return DefWindowProc(hwnd,
    		msg,
    		wParam,
    		lParam);
    }

Effects.fx
    cbuffer cbPerFrame
    {
    	Light light;
    };
    
    cbuffer cbPerObject
    {
    	float4x4 WVP;
        float4x4 World;
    
    	float4 difColor;
    	bool hasTexture;
    	bool hasNormMap;
    };
    
    Texture2D ObjTexture;
    Texture2D ObjNormMap;
    SamplerState ObjSamplerState;
    TextureCube SkyMap;
    
    struct VS_OUTPUT
    {
    	float4 Pos : SV_POSITION;
    	float4 worldPos : POSITION;
    	float2 TexCoord : TEXCOORD;
    	float3 normal : NORMAL;
    	float3 tangent : TANGENT;
    };
    
    struct SKYMAP_VS_OUTPUT	//output structure for skymap vertex shader
    {
    	float4 Pos : SV_POSITION;
    	float3 texCoord : TEXCOORD;
    };
    
    VS_OUTPUT VS(float4 inPos : POSITION, float2 inTexCoord : TEXCOORD, float3 normal : NORMAL, float3 tangent : TANGENT)
    {
        VS_OUTPUT output;
    	
        output.Pos = mul(inPos, WVP);
    	output.worldPos = mul(inPos, World);
    
    	output.normal = mul(normal, World);
    
    	output.tangent = mul(tangent, World);
    
        output.TexCoord = inTexCoord;
    
        return output;
    }
    
    
    SKYMAP_VS_OUTPUT SKYMAP_VS(float3 inPos : POSITION, float2 inTexCoord : TEXCOORD, float3 normal : NORMAL, float3 tangent : TANGENT)
    {
    	SKYMAP_VS_OUTPUT output = (SKYMAP_VS_OUTPUT)0;
    
    	//Set Pos to xyww instead of xyzw, so that z will always be 1 (furthest from camera)
    	output.Pos = mul(float4(inPos, 1.0f), WVP).xyww;
    
    	output.texCoord = inPos;
    
    	return output;
    }
    
    float4 PS(VS_OUTPUT input) : SV_TARGET
    {
    	input.normal = normalize(input.normal);	
    
    	//Set diffuse color of material
    	float4 diffuse = difColor;
    
    	//If material has a diffuse texture map, set it now
    	if(hasTexture == true)
    		diffuse = ObjTexture.Sample( ObjSamplerState, input.TexCoord );
    
    	//If material has a normal map, we can set it now
    	if(hasNormMap == true)
    	{
    		//Load normal from normal map
    		float4 normalMap = ObjNormMap.Sample( ObjSamplerState, input.TexCoord );
    
    		//Change normal map range from [0, 1] to [-1, 1]
    		normalMap = (2.0f*normalMap) - 1.0f;
    
    		//Make sure tangent is completely orthogonal to normal
    		input.tangent = normalize(input.tangent - dot(input.tangent, input.normal)*input.normal);
    
    		//Create the biTangent
    		float3 biTangent = cross(input.normal, input.tangent);
    
    		//Create the "Texture Space"
    		float3x3 texSpace = float3x3(input.tangent, biTangent, input.normal);
    
    		//Convert normal from normal map to texture space and store in input.normal
    		input.normal = normalize(mul(normalMap, texSpace));
    	}
    
    	float3 finalColor;
    
    	finalColor = diffuse * light.ambient;
    	finalColor += saturate(dot(light.dir, input.normal) * light.diffuse * diffuse);
    	
    	return float4(finalColor, diffuse.a);
    }
    
    float4 SKYMAP_PS(SKYMAP_VS_OUTPUT input) : SV_Target
    {
    	return SkyMap.Sample(ObjSamplerState, input.texCoord);
    }
    
    float4 D2D_PS(VS_OUTPUT input) : SV_TARGET
    {
        float4 diffuse = ObjTexture.Sample( ObjSamplerState, input.TexCoord );
    	
    	return diffuse;
    }